Novel ex vivo training model for freehand insertion using a double-bending peroral direct cholangioscope.

Background And Aim: Several experts of direct peroral videocholangioscopy (D-PVCS) using a conventional ultraslim endoscope have reported its usefulness for the diagnosis and therapy of biliary tract diseases. We have additionally developed a dedicated double-bending D-PVCS technique for freehand scope insertion. In this study, we developed an ex vivo training model for the freehand double-bending D-PVCS technique and compared it with the technique using a conventional ultraslim endoscope.