Design and optimization of metformin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for neuroprotective effects in a rat model of diffuse traumatic brain injury: A biochemical, behavioral, and histological study.

Background And Purpose: Following traumatic brain injury, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ischemia, and energy crisis can cause mortality or long-term morbidity. As an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, metformin reduces the secondary injuries of traumatic brain injury by compensating for the lack of energy in damaged cells. But the blood-brain barrier prevents a hydrophilic drug such as metformin from penetrating the brain tissue.