Beyond peptides: Unveiling the design strategies, structure activity correlations and protein-ligand interactions of small molecule inhibitors against PD-1/PD-L1.

The landscape of cancer treatment has been transformed by the emergence of immunotherapy, especially through the use of antibodies that target the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Recently, there has been a notable increase in interest surrounding immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy. While antibody-based approaches have drawbacks like high costs and prolonged activity, the approval of monoclonal antibodies such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab has paved the way for a range of alternative therapies, including peptides, peptidomimetics, and small-molecule inhibitors.

Biphenyl-based small molecule inhibitors: Novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.

The immune checkpoint proteins are those key to the body's immunity which can either boost the immune system to protect the body from pathogens; or suppress the body's immunity system for the goal of self-tolerance. Cancer cells have evolved some mechanisms to boost the immuno-inhibitory checkpoints to bypass the immune system of the body. The binding of Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1) protein with its ligand Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) promotes this kind of immune-inhibitory signal.

Trans ethosomal hybrid composites of naproxen-sulfapyridine in hydrogel carrier: anti-inflammatory response in complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis rats.

Current treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) utilizes Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or its combination, to decrease joint inflammation. In the present study, naproxen (NAP) and sulfapyridine (SULF) ethosomes were prepared by a thin-film hydration technique using PL90G and cholesterol, later crosslinked with carbopol®934. The ethosomes and ethosomal hydrogel were evaluated for rheological properties, physico-chemical analysis, and study.

Solid-state characterization studies and effect of PEG 20000 and P90G on particle size reduction and stability of complexed glimepiride nanocrystals.

Objective: The objective of the present study is to formulate and characterize the properties of complexed glimepiride nanocrystals (GLP) by various techniques at different stages of its development, and to study the effect of PEG 20000 and P90G on particle size reduction and stability of nanocrystals.

Method: Precipitated (GLP-PEG) and complexed NCs (GLP-PEG-P90G) of glimepiride were characterized for particle size, size distribution, zeta potential and stability assessment using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). The crystallinity was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy (XRPD).