Dark chocolate: delivery medium for probiotic NCIM 5671.

Unlabelled: Bifidobacteria are widely acclaimed probiotic bacteria, however, the fragile nature of the bacteria has rendered its delivery through food products a challenge. The aim of the present study was to develop probiotic dark chocolate by incorporating NCIM5671. The probiotic chocolate was prepared by adding to dark chocolate at the final tempering stage.

The crosstalk between microbial sensors ELMO1 and NOD2 shape intestinal immune responses.

Microbial sensors play an essential role in maintaining cellular homoeostasis. Our knowledge is limited on how microbial sensing helps in differential immune response and its link to inflammatory diseases. Recently we have confirmed that ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1) present in cytosol is involved in pathogen sensing, engulfment, and intestinal inflammation.

The WxxxE proteins in microbial pathogenesis.

Effector proteins secreted by pathogens modulate various host cellular processes and help in bacterial pathogenesis. Some of these proteins, injected by enteric pathogens Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) were grouped together based on a conserved signature motif (WxxxE) present in them. The presence of WxxxE motif is not limited to effectors released by enteric pathogens or the T3SS but has been detected in non-enteric pathogens, plant pathogens and in association with Type II and Type IV secretion systems.

Prophylactic effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. in the resolution of inflammation in arthritic rats.

In the present study, the modulatory effects of bifidobacterial spp. (Bifidobacterium breve NCIM 5671, Bifidobacterium longum NCIM 5672 and Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIM 5697) on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats were evaluated. Arthritis was induced in male Wistar rats by injecting 250 μg of Freund's adjuvant directly into the paw.