Nocardia farcinica pneumonia complicated by pneumocystis jiroveci infection in children with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: a case report and literature review.

Background: Nocardiosis is an opportunistic infection that has a low prevalence rate, its clinical manifestations are atypical and can be easily misdiagnosed as other diseases. The correct diagnosis and treatment are frequently delayed by various factors. In this case report, we present a pediatric patient with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders who developed Nocardia farcinica pneumonia complicated by pneumocystis jiroveci infection.

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis with autoimmune encephalitis in a child: a case report.

Background: Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL) is a rare benign self-limiting inflammatory disease that mainly affects young adults; however, the exact pathogenesis is unknown. A four-year-old child who was diagnosed with HNL combined with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) was admitted to Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, imaging findings, and treatment outcomes of this pediatric patient with HNL + AE.

The etiology and differential diagnosis of "autoimmune hepatitis-like liver disease" in children: a single-center retrospective study.

Background: Children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) often present with symptoms similar to those of other liver diseases. This study consists of a comparison between the clinical and histological characteristics of AIH and those of other four AIH-like liver diseases [i.e, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), gene deficiency, infectious liver disease and other etiology of liver disease], as well as an evaluation of the AIH scoring system's diagnostic performance.

A multicenter clinical epidemiology of pediatric pneumococcal meningitis in China: results from the Chinese Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance (CPBMS) 2019-2020.

Objective: To analyze the clinical epidemiological characteristics including clinical features, disease prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis (PM), and drug sensitivity of isolates in Chinese children.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical, laboratory microbiological data of 160 hospitalized children less than 15 years of age with PM from January 2019 to December 2020 in 33 tertiary hospitals in China.

Results: A total of 160 PM patients were diagnosed, including 103 males and 57 females The onset age was 15 days to 15 years old, and the median age was 1 year and 3 months.

The epidemiological characteristics of liver disease in hospitalized children: a 10-year single-center retrospective study.

Background: This investigation aimed to examine the epidemiological characteristics of children with liver disease hospitalized for the first time between June 2012 and May 2022 in a tertiary hospital.

Methods: The study retrospectively recruited children aged between 29 days and 18 years who had been hospitalized for liver disease. Clinical characteristics were categorized by age and etiology, and time trends were assessed using linear regression analysis.

[A multi-center epidemiological study on pneumococcal meningitis in children from 2019 to 2020].

Objectives: To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis (PM), and drug sensitivity of (SP) isolates in Chinese children.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical information, laboratory data, and microbiological data of 160 hospitalized children under 15 years old with PM from January 2019 to December 2020 in 33 tertiary hospitals across the country.

Results: Among the 160 children with PM, there were 103 males and 57 females.

Expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading global cause of respiratory infections and is responsible for about 3 million hospitalizations and more than 100,000 deaths annually in children younger than 5 years, representing a major global healthcare burden. There is a great unmet need for new agents and universal strategies to prevent RSV infections in early life. A multidisciplinary consensus development group comprising experts in epidemiology, infectious diseases, respiratory medicine, and methodology aims to develop the current consensus to address clinical issues of RSV infections in children.

A Multicenter Epidemiological and Pathogenic Characteristics Study of Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis Children in China: Results from the Chinese Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance (CPBMS) 2019-2020.

Objective: To explore the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of children with community-acquired bacterial meningitis.

Methods: A multicenter, retrospective study was conducted among CABM patients under 15 years old from 33 hospitals in China from 2019 to 2020. The medical record, laboratory, and microbiological data were collected and analyzed.

Fecal microbiota transplantation in a child with severe ASD comorbidities of gastrointestinal dysfunctions-a case report.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by social communication impairments and restricted, repetitive behaviors. In addition to behavioral interventions and psychotherapies, and pharmacological interventions, in-depth studies of intestinal microbiota in ASD has obvious abnormalities which may effectively influenced in ASD. Several attempts have been made to indicate that microbiota can reduce the occurrence of ASD effectively.

Novel heterozygous variants in the EP300 gene cause Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome 2: Reports from two Chinese children.

Background: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare autosomal-dominant genetic disease caused by variants of CREBBP (RSTS1) or EP300 (RSTS2) gene. RSTS2 is much less common, with less than 200 reported cases worldwide to date. More reports are still needed to increase the understanding of its clinical manifestations and genetic characteristics.

Case report: Three novel variants on SLC25A13 in four infants with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency.

Background: Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) is a common clinical phenotype of citrin deficiency in infants. Its phenotype is atypical, so genetic testing is quite necessary for the diagnosis.

Case Presentation: We report 4 patients with jaundice and low body weight.

Advances in developing ACE2 derivatives against SARS-CoV-2.

Extensive immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 rendered therapeutic antibodies ineffective in the COVID-19 pandemic. Propagating SARS-CoV-2 variants are characterised by immune evasion capacity through key amino acid mutations, but can still bind human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through the spike protein and are, thus, sensitive to ACE2-mimicking decoys as inhibitors. In this Review, we examine advances in the development of ACE2 derivatives from the past 3 years, including the recombinant ACE2 proteins, ACE2-loaded extracellular vesicles, ACE2-mimicking antibodies, and peptide or mini-protein mimetics of ACE2.

Repeated and multiple fecal microbiota transplantations plus partial enteral nutrition as the first-line treatment in active pediatric Crohn's disease.

Background: Most studies have reported fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an effective secondary option for Crohn's disease (CD). However, there is little data on FMT as a first-line treatment for CD. In our study we explore the rates of clinical and endoscopic remission and mucosal healing after FMT plus partial enteral nutrition (PEN), as a first-line treatment for active CD in children.

Autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with STAT1 mutation can be associated with chronic active hepatitis: A case report.

Background: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by chronic or recurrent infections of the skin, nails, and mucosa and is mostly associated with STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutation (GOF-STAT1 mutation).

Case Presentation: A two-year-old girl was presented with recurrent liver dysfunction, oral candidiasis, acute bronchial pneumonia, and cytomegalovirus infection. Even after a series of treatments, including antifungal voriconazole, nystatin treatment for oral , antibiotics against bacterial infection, and bicyclol to protect the liver, the child still exhibited signs of splenomegaly.

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of monkeypox in children: an experts' consensus statement.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease. Since the first human monkeypox case was detected in 1970, it has been prevalent in some countries in central and western Africa. Since May 2022, monkeypox cases have been reported in more than 96 non-endemic countries and regions worldwide.

Successful treatment with tigecycline of severe pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia complicated with a diaphragmatic hernia: a case report.

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is one of the most common pathogens that cause hospital-acquired infections. In recent years, drug-resistant A.

Long-term safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in 74 children: A single-center retrospective study.

Background: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Nonetheless, long-term safety and efficacy remain major challenges for FMT applications. To date, few long-term follow-up studies have been published on FMT in children.

[A multicenter epidemiological study of acute bacterial meningitis in children].

To analyze the clinical epidemiological characteristics including composition of pathogens , clinical characteristics, and disease prognosis acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in Chinese children. A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical and laboratory data of 1 610 children <15 years of age with ABM in 33 tertiary hospitals in China from January 2019 to December 2020. Patients were divided into different groups according to age,<28 days group, 28 days to <3 months group, 3 months to <1 year group, 1-<5 years of age group, 5-<15 years of age group; etiology confirmed group and clinically diagnosed group according to etiology diagnosis.

Infant biliary cirrhosis secondary to a biliary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: A case report and review of literature.

Background: A biliary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare type of mesenchymoma that, although it has a broad age spectrum, usually occurs in adults. Diagnosis is difficult because biliary IMTs often exhibit nonspecific clinical symptoms and imaging features, resulting in delayed or inappropriate treatment. Although most IMTs are benign, some show malignant properties such as infiltration, recurrence, and metastasis.

Case Report: Be Aware of "New" Features of Niemann-Pick Disease: Insights From Two Pediatric Cases.

Niemann-Pick disease is a relatively common lysosomal storage disease. Cholestatic liver disease is a typical clinical phenotype of Niemann-Pick disease in infancy. The diagnosis is traditionally based on Niemann-Pick cells in bone marrow smears or liver biopsies.

Identification of the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics in children with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case series.

Background: Childhood neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) may cause visual impairment and brain or spinal cord damage, and the effects may be permanent if left untreated. Since the incidence of NMOSD cases in children is relatively low, the understanding of NMOSD among children is inadequate.

Methods: This investigation examined the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of childhood NMOSD.