External Dacryocystorhinostomy and Patient Satisfaction: Perspective of General Ophthalmologist.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate patient satisfaction over time in patients undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy for primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction when done by a general ophthalmologist.

Materials And Methods: This prospective interventional case series was done in a secondary level eye hospital in the Midwestern region of Nepal from 1st January 2018 to 30th December 2018. Fifty-four consecutive adult patients diagnosed with primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy performed by a general ophthalmologist were included.

Clinicopathologic Presentation and Management of Malignant Orbito-ocular Tumors at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal.

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical presentations and management of various Orbito-ocular malignancies in Nepal.

Materials And Methods: This is a prospective study of ocular malignant cases conducted at a tertiary care eye hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. One hundred and seventeen newly diagnosed eyes with ocular malignancy of 106 patients presenting to the clinic in a year from September 2018 to August 2019 were included for analysis.

Multiple Cavernous Haemangioma of Orbit and Cranium: A Case Report.

A 32-year-old male presented with painless proptosis and diminution of vision in left eye. Imaging shows multiple well-defined masses, suggestive of cavernous haemangioma, in orbit and cranium with adjoining bones being thickened with cystic spaces. Histopathology proved the diagnosis.

Outcome of Injection Botulinum Toxin in Blepharospasm.

Introduction: Blepharospasm is a condition of involuntary spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle which leads to intermittent or complete closure of the eyelids. Botulinum toxin is the currently recommended first line treatment for such blepharospasm. This study aims to find out the outcome of injection Botulinum toxin Type A in Blepharospasm.

Ocular involvement in metastatic and systemic malignancies is not rare.

Background: Metastatic disease to the eye most commonly involves choroid followed by orbit leading to varied ocular manifestations. By comparison, it is relatively rarer than primary malignancies of eye as well as metastasis in other parts of the body.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the common eye and orbital structures involved in secondary ocular and metastatic disease, to describe its clinical manifestations and outline the management done.

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.

Transient Inverse Bell's Phenomenon Following Frontalis Sling-Suspension Ptosis Surgery: A Rare Ophthalmic Phenomenon.

Introduction: Inverse Bell's phenomenon is a rare ophthalmic phenomenon where downward instead of upward movement of the eyeball occurs during eyelid closure. It may be associated with peripheral facial nerve palsy, conjunctival scarring, and ptosis surgery.

Case Report: A 9-year-old male patient with right upper-lid congenital ptosis developed inverse Bell's phenomenon 2 days after frontalis sling-suspension ptosis surgery.

Choroidal Melanoma: Our Experience.

Background: Choroidal melanomas are diagnosed in approximately 6 out of one million Americans per year, and although their incidence is low, they are the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults.

Methods: Choroidal melanoma is rare tumors and till date no such reports with sclera involvement has been reported from Nepal. It is a prospective case series.

Comparison of early versus standard timing for silicone stent removal following External Dacrocystorhinostomy under local anaesthesia.

Introduction: The first line treatment for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is external dacrocystorhinostomy (DCR). Following DCR, patients are required to return to Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology (TIO) six weeks postoperatively for the removal of a silicone stent. As the majority of patients travel large distances at significant cost to reach TIO, most often patients remain within Kathmandu during this six weeks interval.

Congenital Microphthalmia with Orbital Cyst: A Case Series.

Microphthalmos results from incomplete invagination of the optic vesicle or closure of the embryonic fissure. We present three patients with unilateral congenital microphthalmia with cyst. None of them had vision in the affected eye since birth.

Work Related Ocular Injury: Nepal.

Introduction: Occupational eye injuries comprise a major source of ocular trauma. Knowledge of the epidemiology of occupational eye injuries is essential to formulate viable safety strategies.

Objectives: To evaluate the demographics, patterns of protective eye wear use, and patterns of occupational eye injury among workers in Hetauda, Nepal.

Clinico-Pathological Patterns of Patients Who Underwent Orbital Exenteration in a Tertiary Eye Hospital of Nepal.

Background: Orbital exenteration is a destructive procedure performed by removing all or part of the orbital contents along with entire eyeball. It is a procedure reserved for life threatening malignancies and some nonmalignant disorders which are not controlled by conservative management.

Methods: This is a retrospective study done on patients who underwent orbital exenteration at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology from1 January 2006- 30 in December 2014.

Comparing outcomes of pediatric and adult external dacryocystorhinostomy in Nepal: Is age a prognostic factor?

We determine whether age is a prognostic factor for surgical outcomes of external dacryocystorhinostomy (Ex-DCR). This retrospective cohort study conducted at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology (Kathmandu, Nepal) compared pediatric Ex-DCR procedures (age ≤ 15 years) to adult Ex-DCR procedures (age > 15 years) and was performed between January 2013 and December 2013, with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. Primary outcome measure was rate of success, defined as complete resolution of subjective symptom(s) of epiphora (subjective success), combined with patent lacrimal passage on syringing (anatomical success) at last follow-up visit.

Retinoblastoma: ten years experience at Kanti Children's Hospital.

Introduction: Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the embryonic neural retina. It is the most common intraocular tumor of childhood. It is a disease of early childhood with 80% cases diagnosed before the age of 4 years.

Surgical outcome of pediatric dacryocystorhinostomy in Nepal.

Purpose: To report the indications and surgical outcome of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in children treated at a single tertiary eye hospital in Nepal.

Methods: The medical records of consecutive pediatric patients who underwent external DCR with silicon tube intubation after failed nasolacrimal irrigation and probing from January 2010 to June 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical success was defined as resolution of epiphora, normal tear film height, negative fluorescein dye disappearance test and anatomic patency determined by irrigation of the lacrimal system.

External dacryocystorhinostomy: do we really need to repair the posterior flap?

Purpose: This study aims to compare a simplified technique of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), where the posterior flap is excised, with the more traditional approach of double flap repair.

Methods: A prospective, comparative, single surgeon, single centre clinical trial was conducted of eighty-three patients who received external DCR, with either anterior and posterior flap anastomosis (Group A), or anterior flap anastomosis and excision of the posterior flap (Group B), in a tertiary referral hospital in Nepal. Patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction and epiphora were assigned to one of two groups.

Age-based comparison of successful probing in Nepalese children with nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Purpose: To compare the success rates of probing in Nepalese children younger than 2 years versus children older than 2 years with nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO), and to identify factors associated with successful probing.

Materials And Methods: Data was collected and analyzed retrospectively on children who underwent probing under general anesthesia for NLDO at Tilganga Eye Centre, Nepal, from May 2004 to October 2008. We compared successful probing rates in children less than or equal to 2 years old (group 1) versus children greater than 2 years old (group 2), and analyzed whether various clinical factors were associated with successful probing.

Retinoblastoma in Nepal: a clinical profile of 30 cases.

To determine the clinical profile of retinoblastoma and to provide baseline data for further studies on this subject. Prospective evaluation of 30 consecutive patients with retinoblastoma admitted at the B. P.