Simultaneous determination of tramadol in earwax and urine samples: effects of age, duration time and sex.

This study aims to determine the concentrations of tramadol in earwax (μg/g) and urine (μg/ml) samples taken from postoperative patients, to evaluate the sensitivity of earwax (cerumen) as an alternative analyte and compare it with the findings in urine samples. The results indicated that tramadol concentrations in earwax samples were averaged 45.08 μg/g (range: 13.