Ultrasound Histotripsy on a Viable Perfused Whole Porcine Liver: Histological Aspects, Including 3D Reconstruction of the Histotripsy Site.

Non-invasive therapeutic-focused ultrasound (US) can be used for the mechanical dissociation of tissue and is described as histotripsy. We have performed US histotripsy in viable perfused ex vivo porcine livers as a step in the development of a novel approach to hepatocyte cell transplantation. The histotripsy nidus was created with a 2 MHz single-element focused US transducer, producing 50 pulses of 10 ms duration, with peak positive and negative pressure values of P+ = 77.

Liver Ultrasound Histotripsy: Novel Analysis of the Histotripsy Site Cell Constituents with Implications for Histotripsy Application in Cell Transplantation and Cancer Therapy.

Allogenic hepatocyte transplantation is an attractive alternative to whole-organ transplantation, particularly for the treatment of metabolic disorders and acute liver failure. However, the shortage of human donor organs for cell isolation, the low cell yield from decellularisation regimes, and low engraftment rates from portal administration of donor cells have restricted its clinical application. Using ultrasound histotripsy to provide a nidus in the liver for direct cell transplantation offers a new approach to overcoming key limitations in current cell therapy.

Role of circulating exosomal biomarkers and their diagnostic accuracy in pancreatic cancer.

Background And Aim: New biomarkers have the potential to facilitate early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (PC). Circulating exosomes are cell-derived protein complexes containing RNA that can be used as indicators of cancer development. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current literature involving PC patient groups for highly accurate exosomal biomarkers.

A comparison of mortality and indicators of treatment success of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of aorta (REBOA): a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Emergency resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) is a recognised method of controlling non-compressible torso haemorrhage (NCTH) often in adjunct to emergency surgery. Recently, there is much debate regarding resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of aorta (REBOA) on its role in civilian trauma cases in controlling NCTH. This study aims to provide an updated review on in-hospital mortality rates in patients who underwent REBOA versus RT and standard care without REBOA (non-REBOA) and to identify the potential indicators of REBOA survival.

Learning curves in minimally invasive pancreatic surgery: a systematic review.

Background: The learning curve of new surgical procedures has implications for the education, evaluation and subsequent adoption. There is currently no standardised surgical training for those willing to make their first attempts at minimally invasive pancreatic surgery. This study aims to ascertain the learning curve in minimally invasive pancreatic surgery.

Warm versus cold cardioplegia in cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.

Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to compare clinical outcomes of warm and cold cardioplegia in cardiac surgeries in adult patients, with trial sequential analysis (TSA) used to determine the conclusiveness of the results.

Methods: Electronic searches were performed on PubMed, Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane library to identify all studies that compared warm and cold cardioplegia in cardiac surgeries. Primary end points were in-hospital or 30-day mortality, myocardial infarction, low cardiac output syndrome, intra-aortic balloon pump use, stroke, and new atrial fibrillation.

New Insights on the Role of TRP Channels in Calcium Signalling and Immunomodulation: Review of Pathways and Implications for Clinical Practice.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and is central to many physiological processes, including immune system activation and maintenance. Studies continue to reveal the intricacies of calcium signalling within the immune system. Perhaps the most well-understood mechanism of calcium influx into cells is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), which occurs via calcium release-activated channels (CRACs).

Artificial liver support systems.

Artificial liver systems are used to bridge between transplantation or to allow a patient's liver to recover. They are used in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure. There are five artificial systems currently in use: molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS), single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD), Prometheus, selective plasma filtration therapy, and hemodiafiltration.

Systematic review of the role of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in treating malignant lesions of the hepatobiliary system.

Background: High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is an emerging non-invasive, targeted treatment of malignancy. The aim of this review was to assess the efficacy, safety and optimal technical parameters of HIFU to treat malignant lesions of the hepatobiliary system.

Methods: A systematic search of the English literature was performed until March 2020, interrogating Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases.

Innominate vs. Axillary Artery Cannulation in Aortic Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: To investigate whether axillary artery cannulation has supremacy over innominate artery cannulation in thoracic aortic surgery.

Methods: A comprehensive search was undertaken among the four major databases (PubMed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE [EMBASE], Scopus, and Ovid) to identify all randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials comparing axillary to innominate artery cannulation in thoracic aortic surgery. Databases were evaluated and assessed up to March 2017.

Innominate artery cannulation in aortic surgery: A systematic review.

Objective: The innominate artery is considered an alternative site for establishing cardiopulmonary bypass in surgical procedures involving the thoracic aorta. This systematic review examines the use of innominate artery cannulation in aortic surgery.

Methods: A systematic literature search was undertaken among the four major databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Ovid) to identify all studies that utilized innominate artery cannulation for establishing cardiopulmonary bypass and providing cerebral perfusion in thoracic aortic surgery.

Stented Versus Stentless Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Small Aortic Root: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare hemodynamic and perioperative outcomes of stented against stentless aortic valve replacement in patients with small aortic root (21 mm or less).

Methods: A comprehensive search was undertaken among the four major databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Ovid) to identify all randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials comparing stentless to stented bioprosthetic valves in small aortic root patients. Odds ratios, weighted mean differences, or standardized mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals were analyzed.

Novel non-invasive biomarkers diagnostic of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review.

Background And Objectives: Acute rejection is a significant complication detrimental to kidney transplant function. Current accepted means of diagnosis is percutaneous renal biopsy, a costly and invasive procedure. There is an urgent need to detect and validate non-invasive biomarkers capable of replacing the biopsy.

Mitral valve repair or replacement in native valve endocarditis? Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The objective of this study is to review the morbidity and mortality associated with mitral valve repair versus replacement in infective endocarditis patients.

Methods: A comprehensive search was undertaken among the four major databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Ovid) to identify all available data comparing mitral valve repair or replacement in infective endocarditis. Databases were evaluated and assessed to March 2017.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanical vs biological composite aortic root replacement, early and 1-year results.

Objective: Composite aortic root replacement is a standard procedure for various aortic root pathologies. This systematic review was set to identify the postoperative outcomes for composite mechanical root replacement (mCRR) compared to composite biological root replacement (bCRR).

Methods: We systematically reviewed four major databases for all papers assessing outcomes in composite root replacement.

Effect of tranexamic acid use on blood loss and thromboembolic risk in hip fracture surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Intravenous tranexamic acid (IV TXA) is a recognised pharmaceutical intervention utilised to minimise blood loss and allogenic blood transfusion. However, the use of IV TXA in hip fracture surgery remains inconclusive. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the role of TXA in operative hip fracture management on operative and total blood loss, allogenic blood transfusion requirements and impact on venous thromboembolic (VTE) event incidence.

Comparing robotic, laparoscopic and open cystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes between Open Radical Cystectomy (ORC), Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy (LRC) and Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy (RARC). RARC is to be compared to LRC and ORC and LRC compared to ORC.

Material And Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, collating studies comparing RARC, LRC and ORC.

Construct validation of the key components of Fundamental Skills of Robotic Surgery (FSRS) curriculum--a multi-institution prospective study.

Background: Recent incorporation of simulation in surgical training necessitates developing validated platforms for training and assessment. A tool should fulfill the fundamental criteria of validation.

Objective: To report the ability of a simulation-based robotic training curriculum-Fundamental Skills of Robotic Surgery (FSRS)-to assess and distinguish between different performance levels of operator experience (construct validity).

Learning curves for urological procedures: a systematic review.

Objective: To determine the number of cases a urological surgeon must complete to achieve proficiency for various urological procedures.

Patient And Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched for studies published up to December 2011. Studies pertaining to learning curves of urological procedures were included.

Evaluation of robotic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for small renal tumours (T1a).

Objective: To compare laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) with robotic PN (RPN) using meta-analytical techniques, since there has been a rise in the incidence of small renal masses (SRM; <4 cm) minimally invasive approaches are becoming more popular in dealing with such pathologies.

Materials And Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify studies comparing LPN and RPN. Comparative studies evaluating RPN and LPN that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected.