Social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality by area and individual-level characteristics in Canada, January to July/August 2020: Results from two national data integrations.

Background: Despite early reports of social determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) burden, national Canadian reporting on COVID-19 inequalities has been limited. The objective of this study is to describe inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in Canada using preliminary data, as part of the Pan-Canadian Health Inequalities Reporting Initiative.

Methods: Two provisional Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database integrations were used.

A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer in Canada.

. To assess the effect of various lifestyle risk factors on the risk of salivary gland cancer in Canada using data from a population-based case-control study. .

Relation of insulin resistance with social-demographics, adiposity and behavioral factors in non-diabetic adult Canadians.

Background: Insulin resistance is a pathogenic factor for type II diabetes and has been associated with metabolic abnormalities and adverse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between insulin resistance and socio-demographics, adiposity and behavioral factors in the general, non-diabetic adult Canadian population.

Methods: Data for 3515 non-diabetic adults aged 18 to 79 years from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (cycles 1 and 2, 2007-2011) were analyzed.

Breast cancer detection and survival among women with cosmetic breast implants: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Objectives: To evaluate whether the stage distribution among women diagnosed as having breast cancer differs between those who have received breast implants for cosmetic purposes and those with no implants and to evaluate whether cosmetic breast augmentation before the detection of breast cancer is a predictor of post-diagnosis survival.

Design: Systematic review of observational studies with two meta-analyses.

Data Sources: Systematic search of the literature published before September 2012 conducted in Medline, Embase, Global health, CINAHL, IPAB, and PsycINFO.

Do breast implants adversely affect prognosis among those subsequently diagnosed with breast cancer? Findings from an extended follow-up of a Canadian cohort.

Background: Cosmetic breast implants may impair the ability to detect breast cancers. The aims of this study were to examine whether implants and implant characteristics are associated with more advanced breast tumors at diagnosis and poorer survival.

Methods: Study population includes all invasive breast cancer cases diagnosed during follow-up of the large Canadian Breast Implant Cohort.

Increasing incidence in liver cancer in Canada, 1972-2006: Age-period-cohort analysis.

Background/aims: Our study aimed to assess 1) the temporal trends in incidence and mortality of liver cancer and 2) age-period-cohort effects on the incidence in Canada.

Methods: We analyzed data obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry Database and Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database. We first examined temporal trends by sex, age group, and birth cohort between 1972 and 2006.

Canadian breast implant cohort: extended follow-up of cancer incidence.

Cosmetic breast implants are not associated with increased breast cancer incidence, but variations of risk according to implant characteristics are still poorly understood. As well, the assessment of cancer risk for sites other than breast needs to be clarified. The purpose of this study was to fill these research gaps.

Antioxidants and breast cancer risk- a population-based case-control study in Canada.

Background: The effect of antioxidants on breast cancer is still controversial. Our objective was to assess the association between antioxidants and breast cancer risk in a large population-based case-control study.

Methods: The study population included 2,362 cases with pathologically confirmed incident breast cancer (866 premenopausal and 1,496 postmenopausal) and 2,462 controls in Canada.

Epidemiology of cancer of the small intestine.

Cancer of the small intestine is very uncommon. There are 4 main histological subtypes: adenocarcinomas, carcinoid tumors, lymphoma and sarcoma. The incidence of small intestine cancer has increased over the past several decades with a four-fold increase for carcinoid tumors, less dramatic rises for adenocarcinoma and lymphoma and stable sarcoma rates.

Physical activity and hematologic cancer prevention.

This chapter presents the epidemiologic evidence on the association between physical activity and hematologic cancers and related hypothesized biologic mechanisms. Some preliminary indications of a protective role for physical activity for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma exist, but the level of epidemiologic evidence is still insufficient to make any definitive conclusions regarding the nature of these associations. Several plausible biologic mechanisms underlying the possible associations between physical activity and hematologic cancers have been proposed, including enhancement of immune function, reduction in obesity, improvement of antioxidant defense systems, impact on metabolic hormones, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Individual, social, environmental, and physical environmental correlates with physical activity among Canadians: a cross-sectional study.

Background: The identification of various individual, social and physical environmental factors affecting physical activity (PA) behavior in Canada can help in the development of more tailored intervention strategies for promoting higher PA levels in Canada. This study examined the influences of various individual, social and physical environmental factors on PA participation by gender, age and socioeconomic status, using data from the 2002 nationwide survey of the Physical Activity Monitor.

Methods: In 2002, 5,167 Canadians aged 15-79 years, selected by random-digit dialling from household-based telephone exchanges, completed a telephone survey.

Energy intake, physical activity, energy balance, and cancer: epidemiologic evidence.

Energy intake, physical activity, and obesity are modifiable lifestyle factors. This chapter reviews and summarizes the epidemiologic evidence on the relation of energy intake, physical activity, and obesity to cancer. High energy intake may increase the risk of cancers of colon-rectum, prostate (especially advanced prostate cancer), and breast.

Adolescent injury deaths and hospitalization in Canada: magnitude and temporal trends (1979-2003).

Purpose: To understand the magnitude and the national trends of mortality and hospitalization due to injuries among Canadian adolescents aged 15-19 years in 1979-2003.

Methods: Data on injury deaths and hospitalizations were obtained from the national Vital Statistical System and the Hospital Morbidity Database. Injuries were classified by intent and by mechanism.

Obesity, high energy intake, lack of physical activity, and the risk of kidney cancer.

The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of 810 cases with histologically confirmed incident kidney cancer and 3,106 controls to assess the effect of obesity, energy intake, and recreational physical activity on renal cell and non-renal cell cancer risk in Canada from 1994 to 1997. Compared with normal body mass index (BMI; 18.5 to <25.

Physical activity, obesity, energy intake, and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a population-based case-control study.

The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,030 cases with histologically confirmed, incident non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 3,106 controls to assess the impact of recreational physical activity, obesity, and energy intake on NHL risk in Canada from 1994 to 1997. Compared with those for subjects in the lowest quartiles of total recreational physical activity, multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for subjects in the highest quartile were 0.79 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.

Occupational risk factors for brain cancer in Canada.

Objective: We sought to examine the impact of occupational exposure on brain cancer risk.

Methods: Mailed questionnaires were used to collect information on lifetime employment history, occupational exposure to 18 chemicals, and other risk factors for 1009 incident cases of brain cancer and 5039 control subjects in Canada in 1994 to 1997.

Results: People exposed to asphalt and welding had respective odds ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of 1.

Physical activity and the risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control study in Canada.

We evaluated the impact of recreational and occupational physical activity on ovarian cancer risk using data from a population-based case-control study of 442 cases with histologically confirmed incident ovarian cancer and 2,135 controls aged 20-76 years, conducted in 1994-1997 in Canada. Frequency and intensity of physical activity were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Compared to women in the lowest tertiles of moderate, vigorous and total recreational activity, those in the highest tertiles had multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of 0.

A case-control study of diet and the risk of ovarian cancer.

Epidemiologic studies have suggested that some dietary factors may play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent. We assessed the association of ovarian cancer with dietary factors in a population-based case-control study in Canada. Diet information was collected on 442 incident cases of ovarian cancer diagnosed in 1994 to 1997 and 2,135 population controls via a self-administered questionnaire.

Association of cigarette smoking with the risk of ovarian cancer.

Cigarette smoking may be associated with ovarian cancer risk. This association may differ by histological type. The authors conducted a population-based case-control study in Canada of 442 incident cases of ovarian cancer and 2,135 controls 20-76 years of age during 1994-1997 to examine this association, overall and by histological type.

Association of obesity and cancer risk in Canada.

The authors conducted a population-based, case-control study of 21,022 incident cases of 19 types of cancer and 5,039 controls aged 20-76 years during 1994-1997 to examine the association between obesity and the risks of various cancers. Compared with people with a body mass index of less than 25 kg/m(2), obese (body mass index of > or = 30 kg/m(2)) men and women had an increased risk of overall cancer (multivariable adjusted odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.