Microsurgical Anatomy of Middle Cerebral Artery in Northwest Indian Population: A Cadaveric Brain Dissection Study.

The introduction of cadaveric dissection of cerebral vasculature as a part of the neurosurgical training module would help the neurosurgical residents to understand the complex neuroanatomy of the brain vasculature and help gain confdence during the surgical procedure.To the best of our knowledge microsurgical anatomical studies of theMCA have not been done among the Northwest Indian population. Anatomical variations of MCA that have not been described before may come in as a surprise during any surgical intervention.

Investigating the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Its Receptor in Human Brain: Distribution of Expression, Functional Implications, Age-related Changes and Species Specific Characteristics.

Introduction: Emerging evidence has shown that the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist can be used to treat Alzheimer disease; however, knowledge of its neural targets is limited. To understand the neural substrates of , we have done whole brain mapping for and its receptor (), in 30 human brains.

Methods: expression was studied by immuno-histochemistry and confirmed by the western blot method.

Reelin Signaling Pathway and Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Causative Link.

Introduction: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent form of partial epilepsy. Granule cell dispersion, resulting from aberrant neuronal migration in the hippocampus, is pathognomonic of MTLE. Reelin, a secreted neurodevelopmental glycoprotein has a crucial role in controlling the radial migration of neurons.

Surgical anatomy of the cerebellar tonsils: A cadaveric study.

Background: Knowledge of the normal anatomy of the cerebellar tonsils is a prerequisite in various surgeries of the posterior cranial fossa Clinical conditions, as the Chiari I malformations (CIM) alter the normal position of the cerebellar tonsils.

Objective: Therefore, we aim to better elucidate the surgical anatomy of and around the cerebellar tonsils in regard to the CIM.

Methods: Fifty formalin-fixed adult cadavers injected with colored latex through vertebral arteries underwent craniotomy and durotomy to expose the cerebellar tonsils and related structures.

Morpho-functional characterization of the submucosal glands at the nasopharyngeal end of the auditory tube in humans.

Background: The auditory tube (AT), an osteocartilaginous channel, connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear cavity. At the nasopharyngeal opening of the AT, there are dense collections of submucosal glands. In a recent article, Valstar et al.

A Cost-Effective Novel Surgical Technique of Core Decompression with Bone Marrow Aspiration Concentrate: A Preliminary Cadaveric Study.

Introduction: Core decompression supplemented by stem cell incorporation is an upcoming field of research in avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Plugging the canal to avoid loss of the concentrate injected has been recognized as a crucial step to improve the efficacy of the procedure. We describe a new surgical technique that results in native bone plug formation and eliminates the need for any additional blocker.

Simple Technique Using an Additional Landmark to Reliably Identify the Trunk of Facial Nerve During Parotidectomy: a Cadaveric and Clinical Correlation Study.

The incidence of facial palsy in parotid surgeries is up to 50% transient and 17% complete facial palsy. Locating facial nerve trunk during parotid surgery can be tricky despite using the standard landmarks. During a cadaveric dissection, we came across a simple technique to identify the trunk of facial nerve which we have also tried to use it in clinical setting and found it to be useful.

Cadaver dissection for oculoplastic procedures: A beginner's guide.

The purpose of this article is to form a basic guide for beginning the cadaver dissection training programs focused on oculoplastic surgical procedures. Ours was a collaborative study between the departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy in a tertiary care teaching institute. We formed a step-wise approach to begin the cadaver dissection focused on the oculoplastic surgical procedures.

Revisiting the surgical anatomy of the triangle of doom and the triangle of pain.

Better understanding of the surgical anatomy of the triangle of doom and the triangle of pain with fixed bony landmarks like the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic symphysis (PS) can help in defining a safe location for trocar placement during laparoscopic surgeries and minimize neurovascular complications. Ten cadavers were dissected bilaterally to explore the surgical anatomy of both the triangles. ASIS and PS were evaluated in relation to the deep inguinal ring, external iliac artery, femoral nerve, and inferior epigastric artery.

CCR4 monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with the increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.

Among all the cancer-related deaths globally, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for the seventh leading cause of mortality. A dysregulated immune system disrupts anti-tumor immunity by abnormal accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), but the underlying mechanisms are still inconclusive. To gain new insights into the role of MDSCs in tumor settings, we aimed to determine the mechanism of expansion of various subsets of MDSCs in PDAC patients and their role in promoting invasiveness.

The anatomy of the cystic duct and its association with cholelithiasis: MR cholangiopancreatographic study.

The aims of this article are to detail the anatomy of the cystic duct in patients with and without gallstones as it relates to maneuvering of the duct during endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder cannulation, and to elucidate its role in the dynamics of bile flow during gallbladder contraction. One hundred MRCPs were retrieved from the prospectively maintained radiology data system to assess the configuration of the cystic duct and its confluence vis-a-vis the main biliary duct. The configuration of the cystic duct was broadly classified into four types: Angular (44%), Linear (40%), Spiral (11%), and Complex (5%).

Osseous deficiencies, pockets, superfluous lateral border thickening in scapula: a rare occurrence.

Background: Beyond the nutrient and suprascapular foramen, the other foramina, holes or osseous deficiencies, pockets has rarely been reported in scapula. If present, the bony holes or deficiencies may lead to radiolucent areas and may be mistaken for sites of osteolytic destruction related to skeletal metastases, multiple myeloma or others.

Case Report: In the present case of left scapula, unusual osseous deficiencies of different size and shape along with pockets were observed in the body of scapula.

Senescent chondrogenic progenitor cells derived from articular cartilage of knee osteoarthritis patients contributes to senescence-associated secretory phenotype via release of IL-6 and IL-8.

Objectives: Despite the presence of chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) in knee osteoarthritis patients they are unable to repair the damaged cartilage. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the CPCs derived from osteoarthritic cartilage and compare with the CPCs of healthy articular cartilage.

Methods: Isolated CPCs were characterized based on phenotypic expression of stem cell markers, clonogenicity, and tri-lineage differentiation assay.

Digastric musculus sternalis.

Purpose: To report a rare variant muscle.

Methods: Aberrant muscle was observed in the anterior chest wall musculature during routine cadaver prosection.

Results: Musculus sternalis consisting of two muscular bellies united at an angle by an intermediate tendon was observed anterior to the pectoral major of the left side.

Basilar Artery Bands: Anatomic and Histologic Study with Application to Coiling and Stenting Procedures.

Background: Internal bands of the basilar artery (BA) have been rarely studied. Because bands could have obvious consequences in patient diagnosis and care, the present multiinstitutional cadaveric study was performed.

Methods: The intraluminal bands of BAs were studied in 80 cadaveric specimens derived from India (Group 1) and the United States (Group 2).

Identification of novel pulmonary vein nodes as generators of ectopic arrhythmic foci for atrial fibrillation: an immunohistochemical proof.

Purpose: The atrial muscle sleeve (AMS) of the pulmonary vein is the most common source of the arrhythmogenic triggers in atrial fibrillation (AF). Anatomical substrate generating these ectopic currents is still elusive. The present study was designed to study the AMS of pulmonary veins with an emphasis on the structural basis which might govern AF initiation and perpetuation.

IL-6 is associated with expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and enhanced immunosuppression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.

Chronic inflammation favours the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by secreting pro-inflammatory mediators. The role of MDSCs in mediating immunosuppression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and in defining a premalignant route from chronic pancreatitis remains unclear. We aimed to study the immunosuppressive potential of all subsets of MDSCs and their correlation with inflammatory cytokines in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis.

Effect of ageing on microstructure and fracture behavior of cortical bone as determined by experiment and Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM).

Bone fracture is a severe health concern; therefore, understanding the causes of bone fracture are crucial. This paper investigates the microstructure and fracture behaviour of cadaveric cortical bone of two different groups (Young, n= 6; Aged, n=7). The microstructure is obtained from µ-CT images, and the material parameters are measured with nanoindentation.

Virtual thanks giving to a cadaver by medical students exposed to learning anatomy before and amidst COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose: Due to COVID-19 pandemic, Thanks giving ceremony to cadaver was different this year in two ways: the students were partially exposed to cadaveric dissections (for 7 months) and later learned Anatomy via online classes due to lockdown (for 5 months) and secondly it was not feasible to gather for the ceremony so virtual platform was preferred. The purpose of this study was to discern the gratitude for cadaver and to recognize the importance of cadaveric dissection from the reflection of students who experienced hybrid anatomy learning amidst COVID-19.

Methods: The study was conducted on 48 first year medical students who were admitted to the college in August 2019 and were willing to participate.

Cadaveric anatomy of the lumbar triangular safe zone of Kambin's in North West Indian population.

A three dimensional triangular space 'the Kambin's triangle (KT)' present on the dorsolateral aspect of the intervertebral disc, is considered to be a safe area for transforaminal approaches. It allows access to the exiting and traversing nerve roots, the thecal sac and to the intervertebral disc spaces. Our aim was to calculate the area of the triangle by measuring the height and base at all the intervertebral spaces bilaterally in the lumbar region in North West Indian cadavers and to assess the diameter of circle inscribed within this triangle which will correspond to the size of cannula inserted for the minimally invasive transforaminal approaches in this population.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Bridging the gap between inflammation and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic cancer has been identified as one of the deadliest malignancies because it remains asymptomatic and usually presents in the advanced stage. Tumour immune evasion is a well-known mechanism of tumorigenesis in various forms of human malignancies. Chronic inflammation via complex networking of various inflammatory cytokines in the local tissue microenvironment dysregulates the immune system and support tumour development.

Surgical anatomy of basal turn in relation to middle cranial fossa and round window as pertaining to middle fossa cochlear implant technique.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relation of the basal turn of cochlea with middle cranial fossa and round window as pertaining to middle cranial fossa cochlear implant technique.

Methods: Fifty-four formalin preserved temporal bones were micro-dissected to expose the basal turn. The point (f) was marked on the basal turn of cochlea where there was minimum distance of basal turn of cochlea from the floor of middle cranial fossa (f).

Anatomy of peripancreatic arteries and pancreaticoduodenal arterial arcades in the human pancreas: a cadaveric study.

Introduction: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the arteries supplying the pancreaticoduodenal (PD) complex.

Materials And Methods: The study was conducted on 15 fresh enbloc pancreatic specimens by latex injection method which enabled the visualization of the peripancreatic arteries and their minute branches.

Results: The gastroduodenal (GDA), anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal (ASPD), and anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal (AIPD) artery was found in all the cases, whereas the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal (PSPD) and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal (PIPD) artery was present in 93.