Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of isolated from the chicken liver in relation to slaughterhouse conditions.

Avian pathogenic (APEC) has been identified as a sub-group of extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC). Recent studies indicate APEC as a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen and a source or reservoir of human extraintestinal infections. The slaughtering and processing of poultry in low-income countries such as Jordan occurs in two distinct ways: in informal facilities known as Natafat and in formal slaughterhouses.

Risk factors associated with mcr-1 colistin-resistance gene in Escherichia coli broiler samples in northern Jordan.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1, and to identify risk factors associated with mcr gene-mediated resistance.

Methods: In total, 385 cloacal samples were collected from 125 broiler farms and a questionnaire containing information about each farm was designed and filled.

Results: Most of the antibiotics used in the disk diffusion method were highly resistant in all samples, with tetracycline and penicillin showing 100% and 99.