Behavioral and physiological pain structures of PIPP-R and parental stress: structural equation modeling approach.

Background: Although most non-acute pain assessment tools are multi-dimensional (behavioral and physiological measures) in their approach, the outputs of such tools are considered unidimensional. This study aimed to explore and determine the behavioral and physiological pain structures of Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) for neonates and its association with parental stress.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022-2023 in Isfahan, Iran.