Inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review of disease evolution in South Asia and India over the last decade.

The rapid emergence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Asia in the last two decades is anticipated to pose significant challenges to the healthcare systems of developing countries including India. Several epidemiological factors in the Asia Pacific region have been explored as risk factors for the development of IBD. In this narrative review, we discuss the evolution of adult-onset and paediatric IBD in South Asia and India, in relation to the current global epidemiology, over the last decade.

On the interchangeability of presentation order for cause and effect: Experimental tests of cue and outcome-density effects.

Studies of cue-outcome contingency learning demonstrate outcome-density effects: participants typically overestimate contingencies when the outcome event is relatively frequent. Equivalent cue-density effects occur, although these have been examined less often. Few studies have simultaneously examined both event density effects or have manipulated the presentation order of the events, limiting knowledge of whether these phenomena share underlying principles.

Diagnosis and management of pediatric acute liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Indian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ISPGHAN).

Timely diagnosis and management of pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is of paramount importance to improve survival. The Indian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition invited national and international experts to identify and review important management and research questions. These covered the definition, age appropriate stepwise workup for the etiology, non-invasive diagnosis and management of cerebral edema, prognostic scores, criteria for listing for liver transplantation (LT) and bridging therapies in PALF.

Shared Decision-Making at the Intersection of Disability, Culture, and Language Accessibility: An Educational Session for Medical Students.

Introduction: People with disabilities and those with non-English language preferences have worse health outcomes than their counterparts due to barriers to communication and poor continuity of care. As members of both groups, people who are Deaf users of American Sign Language have compounded health disparities. Provider discomfort with these specific demographics is a contributing factor, often stemming from insufficient training in medical programs.

Event-free survival of maralixibat-treated patients with Alagille syndrome compared to a real-world cohort from GALA.

Background And Aims: Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is characterized by chronic cholestasis with associated pruritus and extrahepatic anomalies. Maralixibat, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor, is an approved pharmacologic therapy for cholestatic pruritus in ALGS. Since long-term placebo-controlled studies are not feasible or ethical in children with rare diseases, a novel approach was taken comparing 6-year outcomes from maralixibat trials with an aligned and harmonized natural history cohort from the G lobal AL agille A lliance (GALA) study.

Diet and Management of Diarrhea.

Diet plays an important role in human health and disease. Of all human diseases, diarrheal illnesses bring diet into sharp focus as it has a direct causal and therapeutic relationship. With the advent and widespread use of next generation sequencing, significant advances have been made in unraveling the etiologies of congenital diarrheas and enteropathies, some of which are eminently treatable with dietary modification.

Α γ-tubulin complex-dependent pathway suppresses ciliogenesis by promoting cilia disassembly.

The primary cilium, a microtubule-based sensory organelle, undergoes cycles of assembly and disassembly that govern the cell cycle progression critical to cell proliferation and differentiation. Although cilia assembly has been studied extensively, the molecular mechanisms underlying cilia disassembly are less well understood. Here, we uncover a γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC)-dependent pathway that promotes cilia disassembly and thereby prevents cilia formation.

Phase separation and zinc-induced transition modulate synaptic distribution and association of autism-linked CTTNBP2 and SHANK3.

Many synaptic proteins form biological condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Synaptopathy, a key feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), is likely relevant to the impaired phase separation and/or transition of ASD-linked synaptic proteins. Here, we report that LLPS and zinc-induced liquid-to-gel phase transition regulate the synaptic distribution and protein-protein interaction of cortactin-binding protein 2 (CTTNBP2), an ASD-linked protein.

A New Variant of an Old Itch: Novel Missense Variant in Presenting with Intractable Pruritus.

We report a novel homozygous missense variant in  gene in a Yemeni child born to consanguineous parents, with a significant family history of liver disease-related deaths, resulting in a progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) type 3 phenotype requiring liver transplantation for intractable pruritus.

Quantitative BONCAT Allows Identification of Newly Synthesized Proteins after Optic Nerve Injury.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die after optic nerve trauma or in degenerative disease. However, acute changes in protein expression that may regulate RGC response to injury are not fully understood, and detailed methods to quantify new protein synthesis have not been tested. Here, we develop and apply a new quantitative measure of newly synthesized proteins to examine changes occurring in the retina after optic nerve injury.

Adverse Events Associated With the Addition of Aspirin to Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy Without a Clear Indication.

Importance: It is unclear how many patients treated with a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) are using concomitant acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, or aspirin) and how this affects clinical outcomes.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency and outcomes of prescription of concomitant ASA and DOAC therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or venous thromboembolic disease (VTE).

Design, Setting, And Participants: This registry-based cohort study took place at 4 anticoagulation clinics in Michigan from January 2015 to December 2019.

Chronic diarrhoea in children: A practical algorithm-based approach.

Diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Most diarrhoeal episodes are acute and infectious in origin. Diarrhoea lasting for longer than 4 weeks with no discernible infectious aetiology warrants thorough evaluation.

Karyopherin Kap114p-mediated trans-repression controls ribosomal gene expression under saline stress.

Nuclear accessibility of transcription factors controls gene expression, co-regulated by Ran-dependent nuclear localization and a competitive regulatory network. Here, we reveal that nuclear import factor-facilitated transcriptional repression attenuates ribosome biogenesis under chronic salt stress. Kap114p, one of the karyopherin-βs (Kap-βs) that mediates nuclear import of yeast TATA-binding protein (yTBP), exhibits a yTBP-binding affinity four orders of magnitude greater than its counterparts and suppresses binding of yTBP with DNA.

Normal Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Levels at Presentation Predict Poor Outcome in Biliary Atresia.

Objectives: Gamma-glutamyl transferase levels (GGT) are typically elevated in biliary atresia (BA), but normal GGT levels have been observed. This cohort of "normal GGT" BA has neither been described nor has the prognostic value of GGT level on outcomes in BA. We aimed to describe outcomes of a single-centre Australian cohort of infants with BA and assess the impact of GGT level at presentation on outcomes in BA.

Aberrant functional connectivity of inhibitory control networks in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Development of inhibitory control is a core component of executive function processes and a key aspect of healthy development. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show impairments in performance on inhibitory control tasks. Nevertheless, the research on the neural correlates of these impairments is inconclusive.

Combined liver and pancreas transplantation in two children with cystic fibrosis-First experience in Australia and New Zealand.

We report the first two pediatric patients with CF who underwent successful combined liver-pancreas transplantation in Australia and New Zealand for CF liver disease and CF-related diabetes mellitus.

On Your Feet to Earn Your Seat: pilot RCT of a theory-based sedentary behaviour reduction intervention for older adults.

Background: Of all age groups, older adults spend most of the time sitting and are least physically active. This sequential, mixed-methods feasibility study used a randomised controlled trial design to assess methods for trialling a habit-based intervention to displace older adults' sedentary behaviour with light activity and explore impact on behavioural outcomes.

Methods: Eligibility criteria were age 60-74 years, retired, and ≥6 h/day leisure sitting.

A high-sensitivity phospho-switch triggered by Cdk1 governs chromosome morphogenesis during cell division.

The initiation of chromosome morphogenesis marks the beginning of mitosis in all eukaryotic cells. Although many effectors of chromatin compaction have been reported, the nature and design of the essential trigger for global chromosome assembly remain unknown. Here we reveal the identity of the core mechanism responsible for chromosome morphogenesis in early mitosis.