Early Newborn Metabolic Patterning and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

Importance: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a major cause of infant death in the US. Previous research suggests that inborn errors of metabolism may contribute to SIDS, yet the relationship between SIDS and biomarkers of metabolism remains unclear.

Objective: To evaluate and model the association between routinely measured newborn metabolic markers and SIDS in combination with established risk factors for SIDS.

Risk of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes Among African-born Black Women in California, 2011-2020.

Background: African-born women have a lower risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA) birth compared with United States-born Black women, however variation by country of origin is overlooked. Additionally, the extent that nativity disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes to Black women are explained by individual-level factors remains unclear.

Methods: We conducted a population-based study of nonanomalous singleton live births to United States- and African-born Black women in California from 2011 to 2020 (n = 194,320).

Parent and staff perceptions of racism in a single-center neonatal intensive care unit.

In alignment with previous literature, NICU parents reported experiencing racism and NICU staff reported witnessing racism in the NICU. Our study also uniquely describes personal experiences with racism by staff in the NICU. NICU staff reported witnessing and experiencing racism more often than parents reported.

Structural racism, nativity and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among Black women.

Background: Black women in the United States (US) have the highest risk of preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) births, compared to women of other racial groups. Among Black women, there are disparities by nativity whereby foreign-born women have a lower risk of PTB and SGA compared to US-born women. Differential exposure to racism may confer nativity-based differences in adverse perinatal outcomes between US- and foreign-born Black women.

Neighborhood Income Is Associated with Health Care Use in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome.

Objective: To evaluate associations between neighborhood income and burden of hospitalizations for children with short bowel syndrome (SBS).

Study Design: We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to evaluate associations between neighborhood income and hospital readmissions, readmissions for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), and hospital length of stay (LOS) for patients <18 years with SBS hospitalized between January 1, 2006, and October 1, 2015. We analyzed readmissions with recurrent event analysis and analyzed LOS with linear mixed effects modeling.

"It was just one moment that I felt like I was being judged": Pregnant and postpartum black Women's experiences of personal and group-based racism during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Racial inequities in maternal and child health outcomes persist: Black women and birthing people experience higher rates of adverse outcomes than their white counterparts. Similar inequities are seen in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mortality rates. In response, we sought to explore the intersections of racism and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the daily lives and perinatal care experiences of Black birthing people.

Structural racism is associated with adverse postnatal outcomes among Black preterm infants.

Background: Structural racism contributes to racial disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes. We sought to determine if structural racism is associated with adverse outcomes among Black preterm infants postnatally.

Methods: Observational cohort study of 13,321 Black birthing people who delivered preterm (gestational age 22-36 weeks) in California in 2011-2017 using a statewide birth cohort database and the American Community Survey.

Racial disparities in the development of comorbid conditions after preterm birth: A narrative review.

Despite recognition and attempts to reduce racial disparities in perinatal outcomes, Black infants are still disproportionately represented among those who are born preterm. Postnatal investigations of racial disparities in comorbidities and outcomes after preterm birth are increasing, although their results and interpretations are conflicting. In the present review, we 1.

Clinicians' Perspectives on Racism and Black Women's Maternal Health.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore clinician perceptions of how racism affects Black women's pregnancy experiences, perinatal care, and birth outcomes.

Materials And Methods: We conducted 25 semi-structured interviews with perinatal care clinicians practicing in the San Francisco Bay Area (January to March 2019) who serve racially diverse women. Participants were primarily recruited through "Dear Perinatal Care Provider" email correspondences sent through department listservs.

Psychometric validation of a patient-reported experience measure of obstetric racism© (The PREM-OB Scale™ suite).

Background: Perinatal quality improvement lacks valid tools to measure adverse hospital experiences disproportionately impacting Black mothers and birthing people. Measuring and mitigating harm requires using a framework that centers the lived experiences of Black birthing people in evaluating inequitable care, namely, obstetric racism. We sought to develop a valid patient-reported experience measure (PREM) of Obstetric Racism in hospital-based intrapartum care designed for, by, and with Black women as patient, community, and content experts.

Racial disparities in emergency mental healthcare utilization among birthing people with preterm infants.

Background: Birthing people of color are more likely to deliver low birthweight and preterm infants, populations at significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Birthing people of color are also at higher risk for mental health conditions and emergency mental healthcare utilization postpartum. Although this group has been identified as high risk in these contexts, it is not known whether racial and ethnic disparities exist in mental healthcare utilization among birthing people who have delivered preterm.

The association of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy with preterm birth: A retrospective cohort study in California.

Introduction: Our understanding of the association between coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and preterm or early term birth among racially and ethnically diverse populations and people with chronic medical conditions is limited.

Methods: We determined the association between COVID-19 and preterm (PTB) birth among live births documented by California Vital Statistics birth certificates between July 2020 and January 2021 (n=240,147). We used best obstetric estimate of gestational age to classify births as very preterm (VPTB, <32 weeks), PTB (< 37 weeks), early term (37 and 38 weeks), and term (39-44 weeks), as each confer independent risks to infant health and development.

Mortality and Major Neonatal Morbidity in Preterm Infants with Serious Congenital Heart Disease.

Objective: To investigate the trends of 1-year mortality and neonatal morbidities in preterm infants with serious congenital heart disease (CHD).

Study Design: This cohort study used a population-based administrative dataset of all liveborn infants of 26-36 weeks gestational age with serious CHD born in California between 2011 and 2017. We assessed 1-year mortality and major neonatal morbidities (ie, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade >2, and periventricular leukomalacia) across the study period and compared these outcomes with those in infants without CHD.

Pain and Functional Limitations Among Midlife and Older Canadians: The Role of Discrimination, Race and Sense of Belonging.

Objectives: We drew on fundamental cause theory and the weathering hypothesis to examine how discrimination influences aging for midlife and older adults in Canada.

Methods: Using nationally representative data, we assessed the associations between discrimination and pain and functional limitations among adults 45 years of age and older. Discrimination was measured using a modified version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale.

Maternal nativity and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among Black women residing in California, 2011-2017.

Objective: Examine the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among the United States (US)-born and foreign-born Black women in California.

Study Design: The study comprised all singleton live births to Black women in California between 2011 and 2017. We defined maternal nativity as US-born or foreign-born.

Risk and Protective Factors for Preterm Birth Among Black Women in Oakland, California.

This project examines risk and protective factors for preterm birth (PTB) among Black women in Oakland, California. Women with singleton births in 2011-2017 (n = 6199) were included. Risk and protective factors for PTB and independent risk groups were identified using logistic regression and recursive partitioning.

Gestational diabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease up to 25 years after pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study.

Aims: The risk of cardiovascular disease in women with gestational diabetes is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether gestational diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease more than two decades after pregnancy.

Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort study of 1,070,667 women who delivered infants in hospitals within Quebec, Canada, between 1989 and 2013.