[Drinks other than water for the prevention and metaphylaxis of urolithiasis].

Low hydration is a leading risk factor for the formation of any type of urinary stones. The most common recommendation for prevention of urolithiasis is to increase the fluid intake as a way to increase daily diuresis and prevent supersaturation of urine with stone-forming substances. The fluid is consumed not only with drinking and mineral water, but also with other beverages, including citrus and various fruit juices, coffee, tea, wine and beer, which contain not only a liquid, but also a chemicals, nutrients and microelements that can affect its composition and play a significant role in changing the risk of stone formation.

[What water is recommended for the primary and secondary prevention of urolithiasis?].

The literature review dedicated to a problem of using various types of water for the primary and secondary prevention of urolithiasis is presented. According to the one of the oldest hypotheses, water with different characteristics may contribute to urinary stone formation. The role of hard or soft water in the development of kidney stones is still controversial.

TERT Promoter Mutations Increase Tumor Aggressiveness by Altering TERT mRNA Splicing in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Context: Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERT-p) mutations, which upregulate TERT expression, are strongly associated with tumor aggressiveness and worse prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). TERT expression is also observed in a proportion of PTCs without TERT-p mutations, but such tumors show less aggressiveness and better prognosis than TERT-p mutation-positive tumors.

Objective: TERT has multiple splicing variants whose relationships with the TERT-p status and clinicopathological characteristics remain poorly understood.

Characteristics and immune checkpoint status of radioiodine-refractory recurrent papillary thyroid carcinomas from Ukrainian Chornobyl Tissue Bank donors.

Introduction: The radioiodine-refractory (RAI-R) recurrent papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) are more frequent in elderly patients and have an unfavorable prognosis. Data on the prevalence and characteristics of RAI-R recurrent PTCs in patients of young and middle age with or without a history of radiation exposure in childhood are poorly described. The aim of the current study was: i) to determine the frequency of RAI-R recurrent PTCs among donors of the Chornobyl Tissue Bank (CTB) and analyze the clinicopathological features of primary tumors (PTs), primary metastases (PMTSs), recurrent metastases (RMTSs) and risk factors for RMTS, and ii) to determine the immune checkpoint status (ICS) of the RAI-R recurrent PTCs and to assess the factors associated with ICS positivity.

Radiation-Related Thyroid Cancer.

Radiation is an environmental factor that elevates the risk of developing thyroid cancer. Actual and possible scenarios of exposures to external and internal radiation are multiple and diverse. This article reviews radiation doses to the thyroid and corresponding cancer risks due to planned, existing, and emergency exposure situations, and medical, public, and occupational categories of exposures.

[Features of the mineral composition of urinary stones depending on the region of residence, gender and age in the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan].

Introduction: Urolithiasis (UCD) is the most common and most expensive urological disease in all regions of the planet. The study of the prevalence of types of urinary stones in different areas of the country and the world plays an important role in predicting the burden on the health care system as a whole and the urological community, including in terms of calculating the probability of recurrence of the disease, even against the background of effective metaphylactic therapy.

Purpose: in connection with the above, we made an attempt to assess the prevalence of various types of urinary stones in various regions of the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and the dynamics of changes in the composition of urinary stones depending on age and gender.

[Dissolution of uric acid stones in the ureter].

Introduction: Uric acid stones (UA), consisting of uric acid/uric acid dihydrate, occur in 6.1-15.1% of all cases of urolithiasis in industrialized countries.

[The role of expression of monocarboxylates of the first and fourth types (MCT1, MCT4) by tumor and stromal cells of prostate cancer in determining the prognosis and the efficiency of definitive treatment].

Aim: A search for new methods for diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer is of importance due to the insufficient accuracy of modern methods in detecting aggressive tumors. One of the promising opportunities for the early diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer is the assessment of the glycolytic profile of the tumor by determining the expression of monocarboxylates (MCT) types 1 and 4 in tumor cells, as well as in adjacent stromal cells.

Materials And Methods: An analysis of patients of who underwent radical prostatectomy at the Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health of Sechenov University from 2015 to 2017 was carried out.

Effective Approaches to Study the Genetic Variability of SARS-CoV-2.

Significant efforts are being made in many countries around the world to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic by developing diagnostic reagent kits, identifying infected people, determining treatment methods, and finally producing effective vaccines. However, novel coronavirus variants may potentially reduce the effectiveness of all these efforts, demonstrating increased transmissibility and abated response to therapy or vaccines, as well as the possibility of false negative results in diagnostic procedures based on nucleic acid amplification methods. Since the end of 2020, several variants of concern have been discovered around the world.

The high degree of similarity in histopathological and clinical characteristics between radiogenic and sporadic papillary thyroid microcarcinomas in young patients.

The potential overtreatment of patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (MPTC) has been an important clinical problem in endocrine oncology over the past decade. At the same time, current clinical guidelines tend to consider prior radiation exposure as a contraindication to less extensive surgery, even for low-risk thyroid carcinomas, which primarily include microcarcinomas. This study aims to determine whether there are differences in the behavior of MPTC of two etiological forms (radiogenic and sporadic), including invasive properties, clinical data, and recurrence in patients aged up to 30 years.

Clinicopathological Implications of the Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma of Ukrainian Patients Exposed to the Chernobyl Radiation in Childhood: A Study for 30 Years After the Accident.

With time after the Chernobyl accident, the number of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) driven by the BRAF oncoprotein is growing in patients exposed to radiation at a young age. Clinicopathological associations of BRAF in PTCs from patients with internal radiation history have not been sufficiently studied so far. This work analyzes the structural characteristics, proliferative activity, invasive features, clinical information, and dosimetric data in the BRAF-positive and BRAF-negative PTCs from the Ukrainian patients exposed to Chernobyl radiation and treated over 30 years after the accident.

The Mutation Is Not a Risk Factor for More Aggressive Tumor Behavior in Radiogenic and Sporadic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma at a Young Age.

Histopathological changes in the fusion oncogene-driven papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) from children and adolescents exposed to Chernobyl fallout have been extensively studied. However, characteristics of the radiogenic BRAF-positive PTCs, whose proportion is growing with time, are not well described yet. We analyzed the relationship between the BRAF status (determined immunohistochemically with the VE1 antibody) and the clinicopathological features of 247 radiogenic and 138 sporadic PTCs from young Ukrainian patients aged ≤28 years.

Prospects for Russian Energy Exports in the Conditions of Implementing International Climate Policy Measures.

The article examines two scenarios for the development of the world energy sector. According to the first, all countries are supposed to meet the objectives of the current energy and climate policy, and in it the world demand for hydrocarbons for 2018-2035 is growing by 10%; according to the second scenario, it is additionally assumed that all countries will achieve Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement, as a result of which the world consumption of hydrocarbons may decrease by 4%. Arguments are given supporting Russia's ability to increase the export of hydrocarbons to foreign markets in both scenarios, at least in the next decade.

Thyroid dose estimates for the genome-wide association study of thyroid cancer in persons exposed in Belarus to 131I after the Chernobyl accident.

The Chernobyl accident on 26 April 1986 led to a sharp increase in thyroid cancer (TC) incidence in the individuals exposed to radiation in childhood. The major risk factor for TC was exposure to Iodine-131 (131I). Here, we estimated the thyroid doses due to 131I intake for 2041 participants of the genome-wide association study of TC in Belarusian people exposed to radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident.

Preoperative detection of the TERT promoter mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas.

Objective: Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERT-p) mutations are strongly associated with tumour aggressiveness and worse prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Since the TERT-p mutations have been reported to be subclonal, it is unclear how accurately they can be detected by preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The objective of this study was to analyse the concordance rate of the TERT-p mutations between preoperative FNA and corresponding postoperative surgical specimens.

Major Oncogenic Drivers and Their Clinicopathological Correlations in Sporadic Childhood Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Belarus.

Childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) diagnosed after the Chernobyl accident in Belarus displayed a high frequency of gene rearrangements and low frequency of point mutations. Since 2001, only sporadic thyroid cancer occurs in children aged up to 14 years but its molecular characteristics have not been reported. Here, we determine the major oncogenic events in PTC from non-exposed Belarusian children and assess their clinicopathological correlations.

Molecular pathogenesis of pediatric thyroid carcinoma.

There has been little understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of pediatric thyroid cancers. Most of them are histologically classified as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Ionizing radiation is the most important environmental factor to induce PTC, especially in children.

A Search for Causes of Rising Incidence of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Children and Adolescents after Chernobyl and Fukushima: Comparison of the Clinical Features and Their Relevance for Treatment and Prognosis.

The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is steadily increasing globally. Epidemiologists usually explain this global upsurge as the result of new diagnostic modalities, screening and overdiagnosis as well as results of lifestyle changes including obesity and comorbidity. However, there is evidence that there is a real increase of DTC incidence worldwide in all age groups.

Cell competition between anaplastic thyroid cancer and normal thyroid follicular cells exerts reciprocal stress response defining tumor suppressive effects of normal epithelial tissue.

The microenvironment of an early-stage tumor, in which a small number of cancer cells is surrounded by a normal counterpart milieu, plays a crucial role in determining the fate of initiated cells. Here, we examined cell competition between anaplastic thyroid cancer cells and normal thyroid follicular cells using co-culture method. Cancer cells were grown until they formed small clusters, to which normal cells were added to create high-density co-culture condition.

[Predictors of the efficacy of radioiodine therapy of Graves' disease in children and adolescents].

Rationale: Insufficient world-wide clinical experience in radioiodine therapy (RIT) for Graves' disease (GD) in children and adolescents, and limited knowledge of the predictors of RIT efficacy.

Aims: Analysis and identification of the most significant predictors of the efficacy of RIT in children and adolescents with Graves' disease.

Materials And Methods: A total of 55 patients (48 females and 7 males) aged from 8 to 18 years receiving primary RIT for GD were enrolled.

[Interdisciplinary approach for prevention of recurrent urinary stone disease].

Urolithiasis is a multifactorial metabolic disease caused by the interaction of genetic, environmental factors and is directly related to lifestyle. Multiple factors influencing the initiation of stone formation and the growth of urinary crystals are presented in the article. Based on the available data, an involvement of various specialists, including urologists, geneticists, physician office laboratory, radiation diagnostics specialists, nutritionists, endocrinologists, immunologists, physiotherapy and balneotherapy specialists, general practitioner, is necessary for effective treatment of patients with kidney stones.

[Adjustment of urine PH as effective tool for successful metaphylaxis of urinary stone disease. phytotherapy].

Urinary stone disease constitutes significant burden for healthcare system worldwide. Metaphylaxis after removal or spontaneous passage of urinary stone may be an effective measure for the prevention of recurrent stone episodes. An adjustment of urine pH, based on the type of urinary stone plays a key role in the metaphylaxis of urolithiasis.