Reliability of personality and values tests: The effects of "high stakes" selection conditions, and of four years in medical school.

This study investigated if scores on tests of personal qualities are affected by whether they will determine selection decisions ("high stakes") or not; and whether they are stable for individuals and groups across a four-year medical course. Two tests, one assessing values and one assessing components of personality, were administered either at the same time as a medical university entrance exam (first cohort;  = 216), or after entry was confirmed (second cohort;  = 142). Both cohorts took the tests again after four years of medical school.

Case of ketoacidosis by a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in a diabetic patient with a low-carbohydrate diet.

We present a case of a 32-year-old diabetic woman with Prader-Willi syndrome who developed severe ketoacidosis caused by a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, a novel class of antihyperglycemic agents, during a strict low-carbohydrate diet. At admission, a serum glucose level of 191 mg/dL was relatively low, though laboratory evaluations showed severe ketoacidosis. This is the first report of ketoacidosis caused by a SGLT2 inhibitor.

Trial use of the Personal Qualities Assessment (PQA) in the entrance examination of a Japanese medical university: similarities to the results in western countries.

Background: The Personal Qualities Assessment (PQA), developed by the University of Newcastle, Australia to assess the aptitude of future medical professionals, has been used in Western countries.

Purposes: The objective was to investigate whether the PQA is appropriate for Japanese medical school applicants.

Methods: Two of the PQA tests, Libertarian-Dual-Communitarian moral orientations (Mojac) and Narcissism, Aloofness, Confidence, and Empathy (NACE), were translated into Japanese, and administered at the Tokyo Women's Medical University entrance examinations from 2007 to 2009.