Two Novel Bacteriophages Control Multidrug- and Methicillin-Resistant Biofilm.

As a primary bacterial pathogen in companion animals, has zoonotic potential. This pathogen exhibits multidrug resistance, including resistance to methicillin, and biofilm-forming ability, making it hard to eradicate with antimicrobial agents. One potential alternative is bacteriophage therapy.

Strategy for mass production of lytic Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage pSa-3: contribution of multiplicity of infection and response surface methodology.

Background: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have emerged as a serious problem; bacteriophages have, therefore, been proposed as a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics. Several authorities, such as pharmacopeia, FDA, have confirmed their safety, and some bacteriophages are commercially available worldwide. The demand for bacteriophages is expected to increase exponentially in the future; hence, there is an urgent need to mass-produce bacteriophages economically.

Synergistic phage-surfactant combination clears IgE-promoted Staphylococcus aureus aggregation in vitro and enhances the effect in vivo.

Currently, topical antibiotic treatment is a major strategy for decolonisation of Staphylococcus aureus, although it may result in antibiotic resistance or recolonisation of the organism. Recently, application of bacteriophages in the treatment of S. aureus infection has attracted attention.

Immunostimulation by starch hydrogel-based oral vaccine using formalin-killed cells against edwardsiellosis in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica.

Edwardsiellosis outbreaks cause significant losses in Japanese eel aquaculture. The causative agent, Edwardsiella tarda, is an intracellular pathogen, and the use of antibiotics has a limited effectiveness. As Japanese eels are sensitive to stress, injection vaccines are not recommended for treatment; immersion methods are less stressful, but not cost-effective.

Identification and Genome Analysis of Causing Mortality of Pacific Oyster () Larvae.

is known as a coral pathogen that also infects marine bivalve larvae worldwide. It is considered to be one of the major constraints in artificial marine bivalve seed production as it causes mortality. In this study, we first isolated and characterized a high virulent of designated as SNUTY-1 that was the cause of Pacific oyster larvae mortality in Korea.

Isolation of sp. nov., from liver of diseased catfish ().

Yellow-pigmented, circular bacteria (strain SNU WT7) were isolated from the liver of moribund eastern catfish (). Our study focused on the taxonomic description of SNU WT7 using phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic analyses. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the SNU WT7 strain was highly similar to that of H38 (97.

Characterization and Pathological Analysis of a Virulent Strain Isolated From Nile Tilapia () in Korea.

species are one of the top causative pathogens of mortality in various fisheries worldwide. Their role in zoonotic infections and increase in antibiotic-resistance has raised concerns and interests in many research fields. Similar to the studies investigating human clinical cases, there has been an increase in research examining the potential pathogenic role of the bacterium in aquaculture.

A Case of Mortality Caused by in Wild-Caught Red-Eyed Crocodile Skinks ().

, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in aquatic environments, is pathogenic to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. In human medicine, the clinical symptoms of aeromonad infection include not only gastroenteritis but also extraintestinal infections, such as wounds, cellulitis, and septicemia, in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. In this study, ten red-eyed crocodile skinks () that shared the same space were found dead 7 days after being shipped from Indonesia.

Vaccination of fish against Aeromonas hydrophila infections using the novel approach of transcutaneous immunization with dissolving microneedle patches in aquaculture.

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel route of administration for vaccinating fish against Aeromonas hydrophila infection using a dissolving microneedles (MNs) patch. The A. hydrophila JUNAH strain was inactivated with formalin and used as a vaccine antigen.

Genetic Characterization and Pathological Analysis of a Novel Bacterial Pathogen, , in Rainbow Trout ().

species are one of the most prevalent bacterial species globally distributed in forest soil, river water, and human or animal skin. Some species are pathogens or opportunistic pathogens in hospitalized patients, animals, and plants. Various species, including , , , and , are known fish pathogens; and cause severe losses in rainbow trout farming.

Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strain SNU1 Isolated in Korea.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), one of the most important pathogenic fish viruses, affects trout fisheries and causes considerable economic losses. Currently, in Korea, more studies on IHNV infection are being reported. However, relatively less data is available on Korean isolates than on those from other countries.

Genomic characterization of bacteriophage pEt-SU, a novel phiKZ-related virus infecting Edwardsiella tarda.

A bacteriophage infecting Edwardsiella tarda (named pEt-SU) was isolated from freshwater collected in Chung-ju, South Korea. The whole genome of pEt-SU was 276,734 bp in length, representing the first giant phage infecting Edwardsiella reported to date. A total of 284 putative open reading frames were predicted and annotated.

Effect of the Algicide Thiazolidinedione 49 on Immune Responses of Bay Scallop I.

The thiazolidinedione 49 (TD) is an effective algaecide against harmful algae; however, its potential effects on the immune function of the edible bay scallop are unclear. Therefore, the present work studied the effects of TD on the immune response in bay scallop by evaluating activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as nitric oxide (NO) levels, total protein content, and expression of immune genes (, , , , and ) at 3-48 h post-exposure (hpe) to TD. The activities of ACP and ALP significantly increased in TD-treated groups at 3-24 hpe, whereas NO levels decreased significantly in 0.

Application of the bacteriophage pVco-14 to prevent Vibrio coralliilyticus infection in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae.

Vibrio coralliilyticus infects a variety of shellfish larvae, including Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae worldwide, and remains a major constraint in marine bivalve aquaculture practice, especially in artificial seed production facilities. In this study, we isolated and characterized the bacteriophage (phage) that specifically infects V. coralliilyticus.

as An Emerging Pathogenic Bacterium Affecting Rainbow Trout () Fisheries in Korea.

spp. are normally considered non-pathogenic, and few pathogenesis-related studies have been reported. Here, we report the first isolation of in Korea as a pathogenic bacterium infecting rainbow trout.

Infection in Rainbow Trout ( ) As a Primary Pathogenic Cause of Eye Protrusion and Mortality.

Staphylococcal infections are extensively investigated in humans owing to the resistance of staphylococci to diverse antibiotics commonly used in hospitals. The resistance mechanism of methicillin-resistant has garnered the interest of researchers due to its risk to the global public health. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of staphylococci has led to increased interest in their transmission mechanism via food, livestock, as well as domestic and wild animals.

sp. nov., novel species isolated from rainbow trout kidney.

This study describes the biochemical and phylogenetic characteristics of a Gram-negative strain, SNU WT1, isolated from rainbow trout kidney. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain SNU WT1 was highly similar to CCOS 864 and closely related to other -related strains. Multilocus sequence analysis of concatenated partial and sequences revealed that strain SNU WT1 was distinct from -related strains and formed a separate clade.

Emergence of Rickettsial Infection in Rainbow Trout () Fry Displaying the Appearance of Red Mark Syndrome in Korea.

Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a fish disease caused by the infection of Rickettsial agents, especially affecting rainbow trout (. The disease is prevalent in many countries in Europe (France, Switzerland, Italy, and Slovenia), South America (Chile), North America (USA), and even Asia (Japan). However, it has not been reported in Korean aquaculture.

Detoxification, Apoptosis, and Immune Transcriptomic Responses of the Gill Tissue of Bay Scallop Following Exposure to the Algicide Thiazolidinedione 49.

Thiazolidinedione 49 (TD), a newly synthesized algicide, shows strong toxicity at low concentrations of 0.1-2.0 μM.

Enhanced bath immersion vaccination through microbubble treatment in the cyprinid loach.

Immunization by bath immersion is likely the simplest method of fish vaccination. Although the route of immunogenicity has not been fully identified, immersion vaccination is clearly a useful labor-saving technique. In this study, microbubble (MB) treatment was assessed for its ability to improve the efficacy of bath immersion vaccination in the cyprinid loach.

Isolation and characterisation of pVa-21, a giant bacteriophage with anti-biofilm potential against Vibrio alginolyticus.

There is an increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio alginolyticus, a zoonotic pathogen that causes mass mortality in aquatic animals and infects humans; therefore, there is a demand for alternatives to antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by this pathogen. One possibility is through the exploitation of bacteriophages. In the present study, the novel bacteriophage pVa-21 was classified as Myoviridae and characterised as a candidate biocontrol agent against V.

Mass mortality in Korean bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) associated with Ostreid Herpesvirus-1 μVar.

Since November 2017, mass mortalities of larvae of bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) were reported in hatcheries located at the southern area of Republic of Korea. Over 90% of larvae aged 5-10 days sank to the bottom of the tank and died. The hatcheries could not produce spat, and thus artificial seed production industry incurred huge losses.

Heavy metal accumulation in and food safety of shark meat from Jeju island, Republic of Korea.

Shark meat is consumed as a food source worldwide, especially in Asian countries. However, since sharks are apex predators in the ocean food chain, they are prone to bioaccumulation of heavy metals. More than 100 million sharks are caught annually for human consumption, and the safety of shark meat cannot be overemphasized.

Immunostimulation of Cyprinus carpio using phage lysate of Aeromonas hydrophila.

Over the last 50 years, various approaches have been established for the development of antigens for immunostimulation. We used phage lysate (PL), composed of inactivated antigens by the lytic bacteriophage pAh 6-c for Aeromonas hydrophila JUNAH strain to develop a vaccine for the prevention of A. hydrophila infection in Cyprinus carpio (common carp).

Corrigendum: Therapeutic Effect of Intestinal Autochthonous P16 Against Waterborne Lead Toxicity in .

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.