Comprehensive review on biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid with different molecular weights and its biomedical applications.

Hyaluronic acid (HA), an anionic and nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan, is the main structural component of various tissues and plays an important role in various biological processes. Given the promising properties of HA, such as high cellular compatibility, moisture retention, antiaging, proper interaction with cells, and CD44 targeting, HA can be widely used extensively in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and cancer therapy. HA can obtain from animal tissues and microbial fermentation, but its applications depend on its molecular weight.

The dilution effect of media culture on mixing time, Ka O, and hyaluronic acid production in S. zooepidemicus fed-batch culture.

Objectives: Microbial production of biopolymers is typically associated with high viscosity and suitable mixing plays an important role in their production. Due to the nature of Streptococcus strains in high production of lactic acid and consequently high consumption of NaOH, which is associated with increased viscosity and reduced mixing caused by hyaluronic acid production, the injected NaOH accumulates and causes cells loss, and decreases in quantity and quality of the produced hyaluronic acid.

Results: In this study, the effect of increasing dilution of media culture of Streptococcus zooepidemicus fed-batch culture during pH control by NaOH on mixing time, volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, and increasing hyaluronic acid production in a 2-L fermenter were studied.

Evaluation of bioethanol production from carob pods by Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae In solid submerged fermentation.

Bioethanol production from carob pods has attracted many researchers due to its high sugar content. Both Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been used previously for this purpose in submerged and solid-state fermentation. Since extraction of sugars from the carob pod particles is a costly process, solid-state and solid submerged fermentations, which do not require the sugar extraction step, may be economical processes for bioethanol production.