Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in Background of Mature Cystic Teratoma.

Mature cystic teratoma of ovary is a common benign adnexal tumor in females. Malignant transformation in a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary occurs in only 1 - 2% of cases. Most common malignant transformation is squamous cell carcinoma (70-80% of cases), occurring mostly in postmenopausal women with large sized cysts.

Immunohistochemical Expression of B Cell Lymphoma2 with Clinicopathological Correlation in Triple Negative Breast Cancers in Northern Pakistan.

Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are high grade aggressive tumors generally with a poor prognosis, not responding to hormonal and anti Her2 Neu therapy. Expression of the antiapoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl2) is associated with low grade, slowly proliferating hormone receptor positive tumors with improved survival. Anti Bcl2 agents can be used as alternative targeted therapy in triple negative cancers.

Immunohistochemical Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and c-Kit in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

Objective: To determine the frequency of immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-KITin triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Study Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, from January to December 2014.

Assessment of proteinuria by using protein: creatinine index in random urine sample.

Objective: To assess the quantitative measurement of proteinuria by using random urine protein:creatinine index/ratio in comparison with 24 hours urinary protein excretion in patients of renal diseases having normal glomerular filtration rate.

Methods: One hundred and thirty patients, 94 males and 36 females, with an age range of 5 to 60 years; having proteinuria of more than 150 mg/day were included in this study. Qualitative urinary protein estimation was done on random urine specimen by dipstick.

An autopsy study of sudden cardiac death.

Objective: To determine the cause of sudden cardiac death and observe the morphological changes in the heart after death.

Methods: A cross sectional survey of 66 cases was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi from 1992 to 1994. A detailed autopsy including external and internal postmortem examination was done.

Usefulness of needle biopsy in the diagnosis of paediatric liver disorders.

Objective: To see the usefulness of liver biopsy in the diagnosis and to document the spectrum of paediatric liver diseases.

Methods: A retrospective, cross sectional survey at Histopathology Department of Army Medical College Rawalpindi from January 2000 to December 2003. The liver biopsies were taken with Menghini needle.

Morphological features correlation with serum tumour markers in prostatic carcinoma.

Objective: To find out Gleason grades, scores and to see the correlation of these morphological features with tumour markers in prostatic carcinoma.

Design: A descriptive study.

Place And Duration Of Study: The study was conducted at the Departments of Histopathology and Chemical Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, over a period of one year.