Longitudinal increase in physical activity and adverse cardiovascular outcomes following the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.

Objectives: Physical activity (PA) provides protective effects against cardiovascular diseases, including ischaemic heart disease. However, recommending moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) to patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) raises concerns owing to potential risk of recurrent ACS or fatal arrhythmias. This study investigated the association between longitudinal PA changes following an ACS diagnosis and subsequent cardiovascular outcomes, including non-fatal coronary events, non-fatal stroke and cardiovascular mortality.

The Interplay of Type 2 Diabetes Status, Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level, and Sudden Cardiac Death: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: To evaluate the individual and joint effects of type 2 diabetes (T2D) status and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level with sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk.

Methods: Prevalent T2D was defined based on guideline recommendations, and CRF level was assessed using a respiratory gas-exchange analyzer during exercise testing at baseline, in 2308 men aged 42-61 years. T2D status was classified as either "Yes" or "No," and CRF level was classified as low, medium, or high.

Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Part 2.

Background: In this second section of our 2-part review on the role of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in preventing and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), we expand on topics covered in part 1, including a comparison of moderate-intensity continuous training versus high-intensity interval training, the beneficial role of PA and CRF in heart failure, potential mal-adaptations that may result from extreme endurance exercise regimens, and the incidence of cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death during marathon running and triathlon participation. Further, we review the principles of exercise prescription for patients with known or suspected CVD, with specific reference to exercise modalities, contemporary guidelines, the minimum exercise training intensity to promote survival benefits, and long-term goal training intensities, based on age-, sex-, and fitness-adjusted targets. Finally, we provide practical "prescription pearls" for the clinician, including a simple rule to estimate metabolic equivalents (METs) during level and graded treadmill walking, research-based exercise training recommendations, using steps per day, MET-minutes per week, and personal activity intelligence to achieve beneficial treatment outcomes, as well as the heart rate index equation to estimate energy expenditure, expressed as METs, during recreational and leisure-time PA.

Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Part 1.

Background: The cardioprotective benefits and prognostic significance of regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA), increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), or both are often underappreciated by the medical community and the patients they serve. Individuals with low CRF are two to three times more likely to die prematurely from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), than their fitter counterparts when matched for risk factor profile or coronary artery calcium (CAC) score. Accordingly, part 1 of this 2-part review examines these relations and the potential underlying mechanisms of benefit (e.

Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Trend of Age-Related Rise in Arterial Stiffness in Individuals With and Without Hypertension or Diabetes.

Background: This study aimed to investigate whether higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) can modify the trend of age-related rise in arterial stiffness in individuals with and without hypertension (HTN) or diabetes.

Methods: The study included 4,935 participants who underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing with respiratory gas analysis in a health screening program. CRF was directly measured using peak oxygen uptake during the cardiopulmonary exercise test, while arterial stiffness was evaluated using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV).

Hemodynamic gain index and risk of ventricular arrhythmias: a prospective cohort study.

Hemodynamic gain index (HGI), a novel hemodynamic index obtained from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX), is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, its specific relationship with ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) is unknown. We aimed to assess the association of HGI with risk of VAs in a prospective study.

Sauna bathing and mortality risk: unraveling the interaction with systolic blood pressure in a cohort of Finnish men.

: This cohort study aimed to investigate the potential interplay between systolic blood pressure (SBP), frequency of sauna bathing (FSB), and all-cause mortality risk among Caucasian men. : A prospective study was conducted, involving 2575 men aged 42 to 61 years. Baseline assessments included resting blood pressure measurements and self-reported sauna bathing habits.

Sex disparities in physical activity domains and hypertension prevalence.

Background: This study aimed to examine the associations of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and occupational physical activity (OPA) with the prevalence of hypertension, while exploring the sex disparities in these associations.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2014 and 2019 (n = 26,534). Hypertension was defined as the use of antihypertensive drugs or systolic and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg.

The impact of physical activity changes on exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in young patients with CHD: a 3-year follow-up study.

Objective: This study examined the relationship between changes in physical activity and their impact on exercise capacity and health-related quality of life over a 3-year span in patients with CHD.

Methods: We evaluated 99 young patients with CHD, aged 13-18 years at the outset. Physical activity, health-related quality of life, and exercise capacity were assessed via questionnaires and peak oxygen uptake measurements at baseline and after 3 years; changes in measures were estimated between the two time points and categorised into quartiles.

Expert Consensus on the Clinical Use of Pulse Wave Velocity in Asia.

Arterial stiffness is a progressive aging process that predicts cardiovascular disease. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has emerged as a noninvasive, valid, and reliable measure of arterial stiffness and an independent risk predictor for adverse outcomes. However, up to now, PWV measurement has mostly been used as a tool for risk prediction and has not been widely used in clinical practice.

Independent and Joint Associations of Exercise Blood Pressure and Cardiorespiratory Fitness With the Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality.

Background: We tested the hypothesis that an exaggerated systolic blood pressure (ESBP) at maximal exercise workload would be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and that high cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) attenuates this risk.

Methods: This prospective study was based on the general population sample of 1,481 men (aged 42-61 years) who did not have a history of CVD at baseline and were followed up in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease cohort study. Exercise blood pressure and CRF were measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and an ESBP was defined by a peak systolic blood pressure ≥210 mm Hg and CRF categorized as tertiles and unfit and fit groups.

Associations of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Estimated Remnant Cholesterol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Healthy Men.

Remnant cholesterol (RC) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) may contribute to the residual risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with favorable traditional lipid profiles, but its relation with RC and non-HDL-C remains unclear. We analyzed cross-sectional data on 4,613 healthy men (mean age 49 years).

Inflammation, sauna bathing, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Finnish men: a cohort study.

Inflammation and sauna bathing are each related to the risk of all-cause mortality. The interplay between inflammation, sauna bathing and all-cause mortality is not well understood. We aimed to evaluate the separate and joint associations of inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP) and frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) with all-cause mortality in a cohort of Caucasian men.

Frequent sauna bathing offsets the increased risk of death due to low socioeconomic status: A prospective cohort study of middle-aged and older men.

Background And Aim: Low socioeconomic status (SES) and frequent sauna bathing are associated with increased and decreased risk of all-cause mortality, respectively. Whether there is an interplay among SES, sauna bathing and all-cause mortality risk is not known. We aimed to evaluate the separate and joint associations of SES and frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) with all-cause mortality risk in a prospective cohort study.

High Fitness Levels Offset the Increased Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease due to Low Socioeconomic Status: A Prospective Study.

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are each independently associated with chronic kidney disease. The interplay among SES, CRF, and chronic kidney disease is not well understood. We aimed to evaluate the separate and joint associations of SES and CRF with chronic kidney disease risk in a cohort of Caucasian men.

No evidence of a prospective relationship between serum zinc and venous thromboembolism in Caucasian men: a cohort study.

Serum zinc has been implicated as an important mediator of haemostasis and thrombosis. However, the nature and magnitude of any potential relationship between serum zinc and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the prospective association between serum zinc and VTE risk.

Separate and Joint Associations of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Healthy Vascular Aging With Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Men.

Background: Achieving healthy vascular aging (HVA) is important for decelerating age-related cardiovascular disease risk. We evaluated the interplay between HVA, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and subclinical atherosclerosis.

Methods: We analyzed data on 3722 men who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a health examination program.

Comparison of the acute effects of ankle bathing versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on vascular function in young adults.

We examined the efficacy of ankle bathing versus aerobic exercise to improve vascular function in young adults who were randomized to aerobic exercise (AE) ( = 13, 40%-60% of heart rate reserve), ankle bathing (AB) ( = 15, 43 °C), or a control condition (CON) ( = 14, ankle bathing, 36 °C) for 40 min. Conduit vessel function [brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)], carotid and femoral artery blood flow and shear rate (SR), and arterial stiffness [carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), augmentation index (AIx@75), β-stiffness index, and arterial compliance] were evaluated. Compared with CON, AE and AB increased FMD at 30 min and 90 min (interaction:  < 0.