Coley's Toxin to First Approved Therapeutic Vaccine-A Brief Historical Account in the Progression of Immunobiology-Based Cancer Treatment.

Cancer immunobiology is one of the hot topics of discussion amongst researchers today, and immunotherapeutic modalities are among the selected few emerging approaches to cancer treatment that have exhibited a promising outlook. However, immunotherapy is not a new kid on the block; it has been around for centuries. The origin of cancer immunotherapy in modern medicine can be traced back to the initial reports of spontaneous regression of malignant tumors in some patients following an acute febrile infection, at the turn of the twentieth century.

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Oral Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes.

Oral cancer (OC) presents a significant global health burden with rising incidence rates. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatments, the survival rate for OC patients, particularly those with advanced or recurrent disease, remains low at approximately 20%. This poor prognosis is often due to a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are capable of self-renewal and immune evasion, playing pivotal roles in proliferation, tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance.

Over Expression of Cancer Stem Cell Marker CD44 and Its Clinical Significance in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Cancer stem cell marker CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein which is involved in various cellular functions such as cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, haematopoiesis and tumour metastasis. The CD44 gene transcription is partly activated by beta-catenin and Wnt signalling pathway, the later pathway being linked to tumour development. However, the role of CD44 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not well understood.

Therapeutic Vaccination in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Review.

Therapeutic vaccination is one of the most effective immunotherapeutic approaches, second only to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have already been approved for clinical use. s are heterogenous epithelial tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, and a significant proportion of these tumors tend to exhibit unfavorable therapeutic responses to the existing treatment options. Comprehending the immunopathology of these tumors and choosing an appropriate immunotherapeutic maneuver seems to be a promising avenue for solving this problem.

Serial values of hematologic variables and deep venous thrombosis: Red cell distribution width is associated with deep venous thrombosis.

Introduction: As 30 to 50% of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) cases remain idiopathic, an increased focus on hematologic variables may therefore reveal novel correlates of DVT. Very few studies have investigated the association of hematological parameters with DVT and the causal relationship between them is still to be elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between serial values of hematologic variables and DVT.

Serum Survivin in Oral Submucosal Fibrosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein is a biomarker of significance in prognostication of many malignancies. In the current study we investigated the serum survivin levels in patients with oral submucosal fibrosis (OSMF) and squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Serum was isolated from, peripheral blood collected of clinically and histopathologically confirmed OSMF and OSCC patients.

The Holistic Review on Occurrence, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

A prevalent head and neck cancer type is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It is widespread and associated with a high death rate of around 50% in some regions of the world. We discuss the likelihood of developing OSCC and the impact of age in this review.

Extract and its Bioactive Component Cinnamaldehyde Show Anti-Tumor Effects Inhibition of Multiple Cellular Pathways.

is a tropical plant with traditional medicinal significance that possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, and anti-tumor properties. Here, we have elucidated the anti-tumor effects of extract (CZE) and its bioactive compound cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on oral cancer and elucidated underlying molecular mechanisms. Anti-tumor activities of CZE and CIN were demonstrated by various experiments on oral cancer cells (SCC-4, SCC-9, SCC-25).

Circulating Vimentin Over-Expression in Patients with Oral Sub Mucosal Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common (90%) types of oral carcinomas in the world. It is the 2nd most common and 3rd deadliest cancer in India. The lack of early detection marker is one of the major causes of worst prognosis.

Epoxyazadiradione exhibit activities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by targeting multiple pathways.

The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) constitute about 90% of all head and neck cancers. HNSCC falls in the top 10 cancers in men globally. Epoxyazadiradione (EPA) and Azadiradione (AZA) are the limonoids derived from the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (popularly known as Neem).

Clinico-pathological peculiarities of human papilloma virus driven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A comprehensive update.

Aims: The current article provides a detailed account of the current understanding of molecular and clinico-pathological aspects of Human papilloma virus (HPV) driven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Materials And Methods: The literature review included most of the landmark trials and clinical studies related to the HPV driven HNSCC.

Key Findings: HPV positive HNSCC differ distinctly from HPV negative tobacco-related HNSCC, especially in oropharyngeal region.

Drug repurposing for breast cancer therapy: Old weapon for new battle.

Despite tremendous resources being invested in prevention and treatment, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer deaths in women globally. The available treatment modalities are very costly and produces severe side effects. Drug repurposing that relate to new uses for old drugs has emerged as a novel approach for drug development.

Targeted disruption of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, via PI3K inhibitors, promotes growth inhibitory effects in oral cancer cells.

Purpose: The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is the frequently altered in human cancer. This has led to the development and study of novel PI3K inhibitors for targeted therapy and also to overcome resistance to radiotherapy.

Method: The anti-tumour effects of PI3K inhibitors (PI-828, PI-103 and PX-866) in terms of cell proliferation, colony formation, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, invasion, autophagy, and pNF-κB/p65 translocation in SCC-4, SCC-9 and SCC-25 cells were studied by performing MTT, clonogenic, DAPI staining, propidium iodide staining, annexin-V binding, matrigel invasion, acridine orange staining and immuno-fluorescence assay.

Inflammation, a Double-Edge Sword for Cancer and Other Age-Related Diseases.

Increasing evidence from diverse sources during the past several years has indicated that long-term, low level, chronic inflammation mediates several chronic diseases including cancer, arthritis, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases. The inflammatory molecules and transcription factors, adhesion molecules, AP-1, chemokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukins (ILs), 5-lipooxygenase (5-LOX), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), nuclear factor (NF)-kB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are molecular links between inflammation and chronic diseases. Thus, suppression of inflammatory molecules could be potential strategy for the prevention and therapy of chronic diseases.

Dynamics of regulatory T cells (T ) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background And Objectives: The immune dysfunction in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is one of the major factors for growth and dissemination of tumor affecting disease-free survival.

Methods: The phenotypic and functional characteristics of Regulatory T (T ) CD4 CD25 FoxP3 subsets in OSCC patients were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry and its effector component (TGF-β) by Western blot and qRT-PCR.

Results: An increased (P < 0.

Operculina turpethum extract inhibits growth and proliferation by inhibiting NF-κB, COX-2 and cyclin D1 and induces apoptosis by up regulating P53 in oral cancer cells.

Objectives: Herbal drugs are popularly emerging as complementary and alternative medicines in cancer patients because of their cost effectiveness and minimal side-effects. The extract of Operculina turpethum (OT) is known to have antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and purgative properties. Since it is popularly known have antiinflammatory activity, we investigated its anti-tumor activity on four oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (OSCC) namely, (SCC-4, KB, SCC-9 and SCC-25).

6-Gingerol Mediates its Anti Tumor Activities in Human Oral and Cervical Cancer Cell Lines through Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest.

6-Gingerol, a potent nutraceutical, has been shown to have antitumor activity in different tumors, although its mechanism of action is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated antitumor activities of 6-gingerol on human oral (SCC4, KB) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines with or without wortmannin, rapamycin, and cisplatin. Tumor cell proliferation was observed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium, inner salt assay, cell cycle analysis by propidium iodide labeling and flow cytometry, apoptosis by Annexin-V binding assay, and caspase activity by chemiluminescence assay.

Garcinol inhibits tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis via NF-κB inhibition in oral cancer.

Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone is extracted from the rind of the fruit of Garcinia indica, a plant found extensively in tropical regions. Its ability to inhibit tumour growth has been demonstrated in certain cancers. In this study, we evaluated the potential anti-tumour effects of garcinol on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells.

Galectin-1 and galectin-3: plausible tumour markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma and suitable targets for screening high-risk population.

Background: Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins that regulate several cellular functions such as growth, migration, adhesion and apoptosis.

Methods: We investigated the expression of galectin (gal)-1 and galectin (gal)-3 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and observed their effects on growth and survival of OSCC cell lines.

Results: OSCC patients expressed significantly higher levels of gal-1 and gal-3 in circulation (p<0.

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical significance.

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic cytokine that plays an important role in growth, development and progression of the tumour. We investigated expression of VEGF in oral cancer patients and its effect on proliferation of OSCC cell lines.

Methods: Cell and tissue expression of VEGF was determined by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assay while serum level of VEGF was determined by ELISA.