Rural-Urban Differences in Vaccination and Hesitancy Rates and Trust: US COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey on a Social Media Platform, May 2021-April 2022.

To analyze rural-urban differences in COVID-19 vaccination uptake, hesitancy, and trust in information sources in the United States. We used data from a large survey of Facebook users. We computed the vaccination, hesitancy, and decline rates and the trust proportions among individuals hesitant toward COVID-19 information sources for rural and urban regions in each state from May 2021 to April 2022.

Systems, design and value-for-money in the NHS: mission impossible?

NHS organisations are being challenged to transform -themselves sustainably in the face of increasing demands, but they have little room for error. To manage trade-offs and risks precisely, they must integrate two very different streams of -expertise: systems approaches to service design and implementation, and economic evaluation of the type pioneered by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for pharmaceuticals and interventions. Neither approach is fully embedded in NHS service transformation, while the combination as an integrated discipline is still some way away.

The costs and value of modelling-based design in healthcare delivery: five case studies from the US.

In the nineties and noughties, Hollocks surveyed the use of Discrete Event Simulation (DES) in industry and listed (although he could not quantify the value of) benefits. This paper explores how DES is now used to design healthcare facilities and services, developing a value-for-money case with a protocol on collecting information. We present a set of five DES case studies from the US care system and, following Hollocks, focus on modelling as part of a rigorous design process, capturing as many of the benefits as possible.

Cost-effectiveness of HIV screening in STD clinics, emergency departments, and inpatient units: a model-based analysis.

Background: Identifying and treating persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection early in their disease stage is considered an effective means of reducing the impact of the disease. We compared the cost-effectiveness of HIV screening in three settings, sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics serving men who have sex with men, hospital emergency departments (EDs), settings where patients are likely to be diagnosed early, and inpatient diagnosis based on clinical manifestations.

Methods And Findings: We developed the Progression and Transmission of HIV/AIDS model, a health state transition model that tracks index patients and their infected partners from HIV infection to death.

Modeling the impact of HIV chemoprophylaxis strategies among men who have sex with men in the United States: HIV infections prevented and cost-effectiveness.

Background And Objective: HIV chemoprophylaxis may be a future prevention strategy to help control the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS. Safety and efficacy trials of two agents are currently underway. We assess the expected number of HIV cases prevented and cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical HIV chemoprophylaxis program among men who have sex with men in a large US city.

Updated estimates of healthcare utilization and costs among perinatally HIV-infected children.

Objectives: This study examined changes in healthcare use among perinatally HIV-infected children and developed new estimates of expected lifetime treatment costs.

Methods: The study analyzed longitudinal medical record data from the Pediatric Spectrum of Disease study on perinatally HIV-infected children enrolled in 6 US sites during 1995 and 2001 for enrollee characteristics including healthcare utilization. For the year 2001, costs were assigned to hospitalization, HIV-related drug usage, and laboratory testing.

Cost-effectiveness of HIV rescreening during late pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in South Africa and other resource-limited settings.

A decision analysis model, from a health care system perspective, was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of HIV rescreening during late pregnancy to prevent perinatal HIV transmission in South Africa, a country with high HIV prevalence and incidence among pregnant women. Because new HIV prenatal prophylactic and pediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are becoming more widely available, the study was carried out with different combinations of the two. With an estimated HIV incidence during pregnancy of 2.