Management Strategies of Cranial Encephaloceles: A Neurosurgical Challenge.

Background: Encephalocele is defined as herniation of cranial contents beyond the normal confines of the skull through a defect in the calvarium either along the midline or at the base of skull. These anomalies should be repaired in the first few months of life to prevent neurological deficits and facial disfigurement. The aim of the surgery is water tight dural closure at the level of internal defect, closure of skull defect, and reconstruction of external bony deformity.

Silent Migration of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt per Anus in a Child: Management and Review of Literature.

The aim of this paper is to report a case of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt tube coming out through the anus in a 6-year-old boy, who had undergone shunt revision surgery for the malfunctioning of the peritoneal end 6 months back. Among the complications of VP shunt surgery, such unusual migration of peritoneal end of the VP shunt is very rare. The possible factors responsible for this complication, in our case, were abdominal adhesions and thin bowel wall in the children.

Tectal Tuberculoma: An Unusual Cause of Parinaud's Syndrome.

Introduction: Parinaud's Syndrome is an inability to move the eyes upwards which is caused by damage to the tectal plate of midbrain. Commonest causes implicated are the Pineal tumors in children, Multiple Sclerosis in adults and stroke in elderly patients. We present a rare case of Tectal plate tuberculoma leading to Parinaud's Syndrome.

Reduction techniques in the management of atlantoaxial subluxation.

Background: The traditional approach to atlantoaxial subluxation which is irreducible after traction is transoral decompression and reduction or odontoid excision and posterior fixation. Transoral approach is associated with comorbidities. However using a posterior approach a combination of atlantoaxial joint space release and a variety of manipulation procedures, optimal or near optimal reduction can be achieved.