Analytical methods for the determination of xylazine in pharmaceutical, clinical and forensic matrices - A review.

Xylazine, a non-opioid veterinary anaesthetic tranquillizer that is not licensed for human use, has been linked to an increase in overdose fatalities worldwide. The study delves into the forensic aspects of xylazine usage, emphasizing on chemical, clinical and toxicological analyses of drug seizures, bodily fluids and tissues. It advocates for validated analytical methods for determining xylazine.

Repeated dose, 28-day oral toxicity study of curcumin, anthocyanins, and sodium nitrite in Wistar rats.

Objective: The goal of the present study was to examine the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity of curcumin, anthocyanins, and sodium nitrite in Wistar rats.

Methods: For this purpose, forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 6 each), encompassing untreated controls and experimental groups treated with curcumin, anthocyanins, and sodium nitrite. Three rats from each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under di-ethyl ether anesthesia after 2 and 4 weeks of therapy, respectively.

Determine the pharmacokinetics (half-life, volume of distribution and clearance) of AMB-FUBINACA in rats plasma using GC-MS / MS.

Background: Several novel synthetic cannabinoids, including methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1Hindazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate (AMB-FUBINACA), have recently surfaced on the illicit drug market. To determine the pharmacokinetic properties (half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance) of AMB-FUBINACA in rats plasma, a straightforward, quick, and highly sensitive analytical approach was developed.

Methods: Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into two groups: one control (saline vehicle) and one treatment group (AMB-FUBINACA at 50 mg/kg).

Forensic toxicological and analytical aspects of carbamate poisoning - A review.

Pesticides play a pivotal role in modern agricultural practices and effective domestic pest control. Despite their advantages, pesticides pose a great danger to humans and animals due to their toxicity. Pesticides, particularly carbamates, are extensively used all over the world in crop protection and domestic pest control, however, also causing morbidity and mortality on a larger scale, which is of great significance in both clinical and criminal justice management.

Arsenic Exposure through Dietary Intake and Associated Health Hazards in the Middle East.

Dietary arsenic (As) contamination is a major public health issue. In the Middle East, the food supply relies primarily on the import of food commodities. Among different age groups the main source of As exposure is grains and grain-based food products, particularly rice and rice-based dietary products.

Determination of human whole blood-to-plasma ratio of THJ-018 utilizing gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry.

Objectives: This study was aimed to determine in vitro human whole blood-to-plasma ratio (K/) of THJ-018 by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Materials And Methods: The samples (human blood) were sprayed with THJ-018 and an internal standard and extracted using solid-phase extraction. THJ-018 was determined in the final extracts by GC/MS.

Upregulated histone deacetylase 2 gene correlates with the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are considered as an essential regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The HDAC2 enzyme of Class I HDACs plays an important role in tumor progression of human malignancies.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the HDAC2 gene expression in pre-oral cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and its association with clinico-pathological features.

Use of flow cytometry in forensic medicine: Current scenario and future prospects.

Several methodologies are being used on different biological, physical and chemical indicators to determine the postmortem interval (PMI); however, most of them are not completely accurate. Flow cytometry is an emerging technology widely used for single cell analysis in the field of clinical pathology. Studies on flow cytometry and its application in the field of forensic medicine were retrieved from systematic web searched of different databases including "MEDLINE", "ScienceDirect", "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" using keywords forensic science; forensic medicine; forensic investigation; flow cytometry; DNA; postmortem interval; vitreous humour with the last search performed in January 2018.

The maxillofacial injuries: A postmortem study.

Objectives: The aim of our study is to evaluate the incidence and etiology of maxillofacial fractures in autopsy cases of KGMU, Lucknow.

Materials And Methods: The sample consisted of 444 autopsy cases with maxillofacial injuries, who were brought to the mortuary of KGMU, Lucknow, for postmortem in the last year. Parameters such as gender, age, cause, type, and site of injury are evaluated.

Trends in trauma-related mortality among adolescents: A 6 year snapshot from a teaching hospital's post mortem data.

Introduction: The aim is to explore the trends in trauma mortality in children aged 0-18 years can help to co-ordinate resources toward research and programs to reduce the burden.

Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out on adolescents ≤18 years of age autopsied according to the attorney request at Forensic Medicine & Toxicology department of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India in the period from January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2014.

Results: There were 9160 deaths from all causes in children ≤18 years old, 7747 of which were due to trauma related causes, with a female predominance of 1.

Evaluation of Skin Surface as an Alternative Source of Reference DNA Samples: A Pilot Study.

An acceptable area for collecting DNA reference sample is a part of the forensic DNA analysis development. The aim of this study was to evaluate skin surface cells (SSC) as an alternate source of reference DNA sample. From each volunteer (n = 10), six samples from skin surface areas (forearm and fingertips) and two traditional samples (blood and buccal cells) were collected.

Estimation of postmortem interval using the data of insulin level in the cadaver׳s blood.

An assessment of levels of Insulin in cadaveric fluids, to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) was carried out. To profile postmortem changes of Insulin, it was extracted at different intervals i.e.

The effect of elapsed time on cardiac troponin-T (cTnT) degradation and its dependency on the cause of death.

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of elapsed time on cardiac troponin-T degradation and its dependency on the cause of death.

Methods: The cases included in this study were divided into six groups depending upon the cause of death without any prior history of disease that died in the hospital and their exact time of death was known. The analysis involves extraction of the protein, separation by denaturing gel electrophoresis and visualization by Western blot.

Temperature-Dependent Postmortem Changes in Human Cardiac Troponin-T (cTnT): An Approach in Estimation of Time Since Death.

Estimation of time of death is an indispensible requirement of every medico-legal autopsy, but unfortunately, there is not a single method by which it could be determined accurately. This study focused on the temperature-dependent postmortem degradation of cardiac troponin-T and its association with postmortem interval (PMI) in human. The analysis involved extraction of the protein, separation by denaturing gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and visualization by Western blot using cTnT-specific monoclonal antibodies.

The effect of elapsed time on cardiac troponin-T (cTnT) degradation and its relation to postmortem interval in cases of electrocution.

Background: The estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) is of paramount importance for the police in their investigation when arriving at the scene of a questionable death. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of elapsed time on cardiac Troponin-T degradation and its association with PMI in cases of death due to electrocution.

Methods: Cardiac tissue samples were collected from medico-legal autopsies, after informed consent from the relatives.

The effect of elapsed time on the cardiac Troponin-T (cTnT) proteolysis in case of death due to burn: A study to evaluate the potential forensic use of cTnT to determine the postmortem interval.

Background: After the death of an organism, intracellular enzymes cause protein to degrade into smaller fragments as the time passes, if these fragments can be isolated and visualized, and if the fragmentation is proved to be measurable and quantifiable, it can be a good sign of the post-mortem interval (PMI). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of PMI on Troponin-T protein degradation in cardiac tissues of cadavers through quantitative analysis of Troponin-T degradation by easily electrophoretic method and its association with PMI in case of deaths due to burn.

Methods: An efficient extraction protocol to analyze the banding pattern of cTnT in post-mortem tissue was developed.

Role of dental expert in forensic odontology.

Forensic dentistry has become an integral part of forensic science over the past 100 years that utilizes dental or oro-facial findings to serve the judicial system. This has been due to the dedication of people like Gustafson's, Keiser-Nielson, and Suzuki for this field. They established the essential role which forensic dentistry plays mainly in the identification of human remains.

Intentional and non-intentional burn related deaths: a comparative study of socio-demographic profile.

This is a retrospective study of 1689 consecutive admissions of burn deaths to the mortuary over a period of 5 years. The socio-demographic data was collected using special Performa and interviewing the family members, relatives, neighbours and from police reports. Depending on the presence or absence of intentional intent, cases were divided into two groups and compared with regard to their socio-demographic profile.

Homeless and unclaimed persons' deaths in north India (Jan 2008-Nov 2012): a retrospective study.

Objectives: Homeless and unclaimed dead bodies are a social as well as legal stigma on a country's development index. In addition, homeless people are exposed to increased incidence of diseases, accidents and mortality. Lucknow city, a city situated in the heart of the great Gangetic plain in the northern region of India, is surrounded by rural towns and villages and has seen tremendous growth in the past few years; with this the problem of migrants and homelessness has also increased.

A study of unnatural female death profile in Lucknow, India.

Epidemiological and medicolegal, including forensic pathological, aspects of 456 cases of unnatural deaths of females aged 16 to 30 years were studied in Lucknow during the period of 1 year (May 2, 2011 to May 1, 2012). These constituted 62.5% of the total unnatural deaths autopsied from all ages in females.

Epidemiology and mortality of burns in the Lucknow Region, India--a 5 year study.

Nearly 95% of global burn deaths and disabilities are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries of the world. Burns are extremely common and are a major public health problem in a developing country like India. The purpose of this study was to record and evaluate the causes and the magnitude of the fatal burns retrospectively.

Identification of a person with the help of bite mark analysis.

Forensic dentistry is an essential part of Forensic science, mainly involves the identification of an assailant by comparing a record of their dentition (set of teeth) with a record of a bite mark left on a victim. Other uses in law for dentists include the identification of human remains, medico-legal assessment of trauma to oral tissues, and testimony about dental malpractice. While the practice of human identification is well established, validated and proven to be accurate, the practice of bite mark analysis is less well accepted.