Children's injuries in legislated types child-care institutions.

Background: Severe injuries in child-care institutions are an important social issue. However, no reports on this matter have been made in Japan. This study examined trends in severe injuries at child-care institutions, including the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Mask wearing in Japanese and French nursery schools: The perceived impact of masks on communication.

Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, covering the mouth region with a face mask became pervasive in many regions of the world, potentially impacting how people communicate with and around children. To explore the characteristics of this masked communication, we asked nursery school educators, who have been at the forefront of daily masked interaction with children, about their perception of daily communicative interactions while wearing a mask in an online survey. We collected data from French and Japanese nursery school educators to gain an understanding of commonalities and differences in communicative behavior with face masks given documented cultural differences in pre-pandemic mask wearing habits, face scanning patterns, and communicative behavior.

Development of the Japanese Parenting Style Scale and examination of its validity and reliability.

Parenting is an essential factor affecting child development. Therefore, several studies have focused on individual differences in parenting (i.e.