Clinical manifestations and frequency of hypocalcemia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Background: This study investigated the evolution of hypocalcemia with age and its associated risk factors in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) and congenital heart defects.

Method: A retrospective review of the medical records of 16 22qDS patients (nine female, seven male; age range, 20.

Expression of heat shock proteins and stress fiber formation within the arterial vascular tree of adult rats under normal physiological conditions.

In this study, we investigated heat shock protein (HSP) expression and stress fiber (SF) formation in endothelial cells (ECs) within the arterial vascular tree of adult rats under normal physiological conditions. Using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy, we found no significant differences in expression of HSPs 25, 60, 70, and 90 among ECs in the straight portions of rat arteries. In these regions, ECs appeared spindle-shaped and contained short bundles of central SFs.

Role of heat shock protein 70 in induction of stress fiber formation in rat arterial endothelial cells in response to stretch stress.

We investigated the mechanism by which endothelial cells (ECs) resist various forms of physical stress using an experimental system consisting of rat arterial EC sheets. Formation of actin stress fibers (SFs) and expression of endothelial heat-shock stress proteins (HSPs) in response to mechanical stretch stress were assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Stretch stimulation increased expression of HSPs 25 and 70, but not that of HSP 90.

[Effect of chronic variable stress on limbic corticotrapin-releasing hormone receptor].

The Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key mediator in the stress response. Two CRH-receptor subtypes have been identified in the brain, CRH-receptor 1 (CRH-R1) and CRH-receptor 2, and stress responses are mediated by the CRH-R1. In this study we have examined the effect of chronic variable stress (CVS) on the CRH-R1 immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic and limbic brain regions of the rat.

[Regulation of TH activity by GAD immunoreactivity in rat peri-LC after chronic variable stress].

Locus coeruleus (LC) is the major component of noradrenergic neurons in the brain. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and norepinephrine (NE) are suggested to play a role in modulating the central stress response. In a previous study we observed a decrease of the basal level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity (-ir) in the LC of rats treated with chronic variable stress (CVS) for 14 days.

[Effect of concurrent treatment of SSRI on the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the rat locus coeruleus treated with chronic variable stress].

Locus coeruleus (LC) is the major component of noradrenergic neurons in the brain. corticotropine-releasing hormone (CRH) and norepinephrine (NE) are suggested to play significant roles in the pathophysiology of depression, although the involvement of the serotonergic system in the CRH-NE systems is not elucidated. Chronic inescapable and unpredictable stress can result in a sustained dysregulation of both of CRH and NE systems.

[Reduction and sensitization of CRH neuron in rat hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions after chronic variable stress].

The hyperactivity of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the hypothalamic and/or extrahypothalamic regions is believed to contribute to the pathophysiology of major depression in an experimental animal chronically exposed to stress. In the present study, we examined the effects of chronic variable stress (CVS) and novel stress (footshock) on the CRH immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and subdivision of PVN, and the extrahypothalamic bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). We observed a significant reduction in CRH levels in the whole PVN, lateral parvocellular part of PVN, BNST and CeA 24 hours after the last stressor of CVS for 13 days.

The fate and role of openings formed in the mesentery of bullfrog tadpoles, with reference to the contour of mesothelial cells.

Using morphological techniques, histological changes of the mesentery were observed during the development of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The tadpoles of this species had many openings all over the mesentery from the duodenum through the large intestine. Most of the openings were elliptical and less than 3 × 2 mm in size.