The use of sewage sludge as remediation for imidacloprid toxicity in soils.

This study investigated the influence of the sewage sludge (SS) soil amendment on the chronic toxicity of imidacloprid (through the seed dressing formulation MUCH 600 FS®-600 g active ingredient L) to collembolans Folsomia candida. Individuals 10-12 days old were exposed to two contrasting tropical soils (Oxisol and Entisol) amended with SS doses (0, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 g SS kg soil; the SS doses have low intrinsic toxicity, which was checked before its application) in a full factorial combination with five imidacloprid concentrations (varying from 0.25 to 4 mg kg in Oxisol and 0.