High-risk human papillomavirus infection in Bowen's disease of the nail unit: report of three cases and review of the literature.

Background: Bowen's disease (BD) of the nail unit is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of high-risk HPV infection, gender, age and digital distribution in this condition.

Methods: Biopsy specimens of 3 consecutive cases with periungual BD were investigated for the presence of HPV DNA by in situ hybridization and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Myocardial preconditioning and remote renal preconditioning--identifying a protective factor using proteomic methods?

It is still unknown whether remote ischemic preconditioning is mediated by a humoral or a neurogenic mechanism from the preconditioning to the preconditioned tissue. The purpose of the following study was to identify a possible humoral trigger of ischemic myocardial preconditioning and remote renal preconditioning. Open chest rats were subjected to a coronary artery occlusion period of 45 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion (Control animals; n = 6).