Emerging Role of Autophagy in Governing Cellular Dormancy, Metabolic Functions, and Therapeutic Responses of Cancer Stem Cells.

Tumors are composed of heterogeneous populations of dysregulated cells that grow in specialized niches that support their growth and maintain their properties. Tumor heterogeneity and metastasis are among the major hindrances that exist while treating cancer patients, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Although the factors that determine tumor complexity remain largely unknown, several genotypic and phenotypic changes, including DNA mutations and metabolic reprograming provide cancer cells with a survival advantage over host cells and resistance to therapeutics.

Regulation of metastatic potential by drug repurposing and mitochondrial targeting in colorectal cancer cells.

Background: Increased mitochondrial activities contributing to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis have been reported in different cancers; however, studies on the therapeutic targeting of mitochondria in regulating cell proliferation and invasiveness are limited. Because mitochondria are believed to have evolved through bacterial invasion in mammalian cells, antibiotics could provide an alternative approach to target mitochondria, especially in cancers with increased mitochondrial activities. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of bacteriostatic antibiotics in regulating the growth potential of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, which differ in their metastatic potential and mitochondrial functions.

Analysis of cellular and cell free mitochondrial DNA content and reactive oxygen species levels in maternal blood during normal pregnancy: a pilot study.

Background: Alterations in mitochondrial signatures such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in maternal blood have been linked to pregnancy-related complications. However, changes in maternal mtDNA content, their distribution and associated signaling during normal pregnancies are not clear; which could suggest their physiological role in maternal adaptation to pregnancy related changes and a reference threshold.

The Aim Of This Study: to assess the distribution of mtDNA in peripheral blood and their association with circulatory ROS levels across different trimesters of healthy pregnancy.

Lipid Metabolism and Mitochondria: Cross Talk in Cancer.

Metabolic reprogramming is considered a major event in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. The metabolic signature of cancer cells includes alterations in glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, fatty acid/lipid and amino acid metabolism. Being at a junction of various metabolic pathways, mitochondria play a key role in fueling cancer growth through regulating bioenergetics, metabolism and cell death.

Role of autophagy in regulation of glioma stem cells population during therapeutic stress.

Glioblastoma is highly recurrent and aggressive tumor with poor prognosis where existence of glioma stem cell (GSCs) population is well established. The GSCs display stem cell properties such as self-renewable, proliferation and therapeutic resistance which contribute to its role in tumor progression, metastasis and recurrence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can also be induced from non-stem cancer cells in response to radio/chemotherapy that further contribute to cancer relapse post therapy.

Critical role of three-dimensional tumorsphere size on experimental outcome.

Three-dimensional spheroids are a reliable model to study tumor biology and drug toxicity. However, inconsistencies exist in terms of seeding cell density that governs spheroid size and shape, influencing the experimental outcome. We investigated the effect of varying cell densities using glioblastoma cells on tumorsphere formation and their responsiveness to drug treatment.

Correction to: Cypermethrin Stimulates GSK3β-Dependent Aβ and p-tau Proteins and Cognitive Loss in Young Rats: Reduced HB-EGF Signaling and Downstream Neuroinflammation as Critical Regulators.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. The authors noticed that Fig. 1C (cortex), 1D (hippocampus), 4A (cortex), 4B (cortex) and the beta actin Western blot of Supplement 2A in the original article had errors.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Contributes to Benzanthrone-Induced Hyperpigmentation via Modulation of Melanogenic Signaling Pathways.

Benzanthrone (BA), an oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), has been found to be a potential health threat to occupational workers involved in dye manufacturing factories. It has been observed that occupational workers become exposed to BA either during manufacturing, pulverization, or storage and developed various kinds of skin diseases like contact dermatitis, itching, erythema, roughness, and foremost, hyperpigmentation. It has been shown that some environmental organic pollutants (POPs) like dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may act as ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and regulate hyperpigmentation.

UVB exposure enhanced benzanthrone-induced inflammatory responses in SKH-1 mouse skin by activating the expression of COX-2 and iNOS through MAP kinases/NF-κB/AP-1 signalling pathways.

This study was conducted to explore the role of UVB on benzanthrone (BA)-induced skin inflammation and its mechanism/s. SKH-1 hairless mice were topically exposed with BA (25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt) either alone or along with UVB (50 mJ/cm(2)) for 24 h and estimation of ROS, histopathological analysis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mast cell staining, immunohistochemistry for COX-2 and iNOS as well as western blotting for MAPKs, p-NF-κB, c-jun, c-fos COX-2 and iNOS were carried out.

Cypermethrin Stimulates GSK3β-Dependent Aβ and p-tau Proteins and Cognitive Loss in Young Rats: Reduced HB-EGF Signaling and Downstream Neuroinflammation as Critical Regulators.

Pesticide exposure is recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated early signs of AD-like pathology upon exposure to a pyrethroid pesticide, cypermethrin, reported to impair neurodevelopment. We treated weanling rats with cypermethrin (10 and 25 mg/kg) and detected dose-dependent increase in the key proteins of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ), and phospho-tau, in frontal cortex and hippocampus as early as postnatal day 45.

Developmental exposure to As, Cd, and Pb mixture diminishes skeletal growth and causes osteopenia at maturity via osteoblast and chondrocyte malfunctioning in female rats.

We studied the effect of metal mixture (MM), comprising As, Cd, and Pb, in developing female rat skeleton from gestation day 5 until postnatal day 60 (P-60). MM resulted in synergistic inhibition in viability and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro, likely induced by reactive oxygen species. MM, administered at their most frequently occurring concentrations present in the groundwater of India, i.