Depth of Invasion in Early Oral Cancer: Is 4MM a Threshold for Elective Neck Dissection?

Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. In early stage oral cancers, Depth of invasion (DOI) is a predictor for lymph node metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate if DOI 4 mm can be considered as a threshold for clinical decision making on elective neck dissection (END) in early oral cancer, by assessing the association of DOI and the risk of occult lymph node metastasis in early Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Clinicopathologic Predictive Factors of Extranodal Extension in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Retrospective Analysis.

Unlabelled: The implications of extranodal extension (ENE) in oral carcinoma have been often related to prognosis and survival rates. The clinicopathologic predictive factors of this established prognostic factor were analyzed in this retrospective study. A total of 358 medical records of a single institution were screened.

A Surgical Experience of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Co-Existing with Post Burn Contractures of Neck.

A female patient in her early 60s was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of right buccal mucosa. Interestingly, the patient also presented with post-burn contractures of face, neck and chest which posed significant anaesthetic and surgical challenges, thus making this case report unique. Through this case report, we highlight the reflections in management of such a case.

Role of Perifacial Lymph Node in Nodal Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Study.

Nodal involvement in oral squamous cell carcinoma is common due to its lymphatic spread. First echelon group of lymph nodes are to be removed in such scenarios. Perifacial lymph nodes are one of the suspected groups to be affected in metastasis and also missed in dissection due to position.

A roadmap to human hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood, aging and AD.

In the rodent, hippocampal neurogenesis plays critical roles in learning and memory, is tightly regulated by inhibitory neurons and contributes to memory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. In contrast, the mechanisms regulating neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus, the dynamic shifts in the transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles in aging and AD and putative niche interactions within the cellular environment, remain largely unknown. Using single nuclei multi-omics of postmortem human hippocampi we map the molecular mechanisms of hippocampal neurogenesis across aging, cognitive decline, and AD neuropathology.

Delineating the Neuropathology of Lysosomal Storage Diseases Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are inherited metabolic diseases caused by deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, essential for the normal development of the brain and other organs. Approximately two-thirds of the patients suffering from LSD exhibit neurological deficits and impose an escalating challenge to the medical and scientific field. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has aided researchers in efficiently generating functional neuronal and non-neuronal cells through directed differentiation protocols, as well as in decoding the cellular, subcellular, and molecular defects associated with LSDs using two-dimensional cultures and cerebral organoid models.

Identification and validation of plasma biomarkers for diagnosis of breast cancer in South Asian women.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women globally. Development of a reliable plasma biomarker panel might serve as a non-invasive and cost-effective means for population-based screening of the disease. Transcriptomic profiling of breast tumour, paired normal and apparently normal tissues, followed by validation of the shortlisted genes using TaqMan Low density arrays and Quantitative real-time PCR was performed in South Asian women.

Patient-derived iPSC modeling of rare neurodevelopmental disorders: Molecular pathophysiology and prospective therapies.

The pathological alterations that manifest during the early embryonic development due to inherited and acquired factors trigger various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Besides major NDDs, there are several rare NDDs, exhibiting specific characteristics and varying levels of severity triggered due to genetic and epigenetic anomalies. The rarity of subjects, paucity of neural tissues for detailed analysis, and the unavailability of disease-specific animal models have hampered detailed comprehension of rare NDDs, imposing heightened challenge to the medical and scientific community until a decade ago.

Masseter muscle flap for reconstruction of intra-oral defects in patients with early cancer of posterior-inferior parts of the oral cavity.

Introduction: Early carcinomas of the oral cavity in the posterior-inferior regions poses a challenge for reconstruction due to the lack of muscle support underneath and the limited space available to use some of the frequently-used flaps.

Objective: This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of the superiorly based masseter muscle flap in reconstruction of intra-oral post- ablation defects in patients with early oral carcinoma of the posterior-inferior part of the oral cavity.

Methods: A superiorly based masseter muscle flap were used to reconstruct the post-surgical intra- oral defect in 60 patients with early squamous cell carcinoma (T<4cm) of the posterior-inferior part of the oral cavity.

Outcomes of Cancer Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preparedness to Practising Continuous Cancer Care.

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare services. Deprioritisation of nonemergency clinical services and growing concerns of adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in cancer patients is having a deleterious impact across oncologic practice. We report cancer surgery outcomes taking into account the acuity of the COVID-19 situation.

Integrating Systems Biology and an Ex Vivo Human Tumor Model Elucidates PD-1 Blockade Response Dynamics.

Ex vivo human tumor models have emerged as promising, yet complex tools to study cancer immunotherapy response dynamics. Here, we present a strategy that integrates empirical data from an ex vivo human system with computational models to interpret the response dynamics of a clinically prescribed PD-1 inhibitor, nivolumab, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) biopsies (N = 50). Using biological assays, we show that drug-induced variance stratifies samples by T helper type 1 (Th1)-related pathways.

Prognostic Indicators of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide and is the major public health problem in the Indian subcontinent, where it ranks among the top three types of cancer in the country. Here, we aimed to analyze the clinical and tumor characteristics which impact the survival of OSCC patients.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical records of all patients who underwent treatment for OSCC at Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, between January 2009 and January 2012 was analyzed.

Constraint Induced Movement Therapy as a Rehabilitative Strategy for Ischemic Stroke-Linking Neural Plasticity with Restoration of Skilled Movements.

Background: Stroke leads to devastating impact on health as well as quality of life making it one of the leading causes of disability. Restoring the functions of upper extremities after ischemic (ISC) stroke is one of the challenges for rehabilitation. Lack of trained professionals and accessibility to rehabilitation centers are limited in many counties.

Identification of small molecule inhibitors for differentially expressed miRNAs in gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer is a common cancer in the world with higher incidence rates. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are known to control biological processes and are also involved in the initiation and progression of numerous cancers. The aim of this study was to identify small molecule inhibitors using bioinformatics methods for over-expressed miRNAs that are known to play a major role in the genesis of gastric cancer.

Manganese- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity display differences in morphological, electrophysiological and genome-wide alterations: implications for idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease and manganese-induced atypical parkinsonism are characterized by movement disorder and nigrostriatal pathology. Although clinical features, brain region involved and responsiveness to levodopa distinguish both, differences at the neuronal level are largely unknown. We studied the morphological, neurophysiological and molecular differences in dopaminergic neurons exposed to the Parkinson's disease toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP ) and manganese (Mn), followed by validation in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and Mn mouse models.

Surgical Management of a Rare Case of Massive Compound Odontome Associated with Missing Primary Tooth.

Odontomes are considered to be the most common odontogenic tumours of the jaws. They are benign, mixed tumours arising from the remnants of both odontogenic epithelium and the ectomesenchyme resulting in the deposition of varied propotions of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp tissues. As these lesions show deficiency only in structural arrangement, some authors consider odontomes as hamartomas or tumour like malformations.

Electrophysiological characterization of Nsc-34 cell line using Microelectrode Array.

Neurons communicate with each other through intricate network to evolve higher brain functions. The electrical activity of the neurons plays a crucial role in shaping the connectivity. With motor neurons being vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases, understanding the electrophysiological properties of motor neurons is the need of the hour, in order to comprehend the impairment of connectivity in these diseases.

Variant anatomy of internal jugular vein branching.

The knowledge of both normal and abnormal anatomy of the veins of the neck is important for clinicians performing catheterization and surgeons operating in the region of the neck. The presence of such anomalous communications may also be important for radiologists performing angiographic and sonographic studies. This study presents three cases of variant anatomy in posterior branching and abnormal branching of internal jugular vein found during our routine neck dissection.

No evidence of association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with oral cancers: Experience from a tertiary care center in South India.

Background: Development of oral cancer, a widely prevalent cancer in India, is multifactorial with increased risk in those habituated to smoking, consuming alcohol and chewing paan and tobacco. This does not preclude other etiological factors in the causation of this cancer. Exploratory studies on several oncogenic viruses have found varied associations with oral cancers.

A study on fear memory retrieval and REM sleep in maternal separation and isolation stressed rats.

As rapid brain development occurs during the neonatal period, environmental manipulation during this period may have a significant impact on sleep and memory functions. Moreover, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep plays an important role in integrating new information with the previously stored emotional experience. Hence, the impact of early maternal separation and isolation stress (MS) during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) on fear memory retention and sleep in rats were studied.

Importance of Serum Copper and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF-A) Levels in Postmenopausal Bleeding.

The main aim of this study is association of serum copper and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) in postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) patients. Blood samples were collected from female patients suffering with postmenopausal bleeding (n = 50) as well as healthy females as controls (n = 50). Serum copper levels were estimated by spectrophotometric method and serum VEGF-A by ELISA technique and compared with ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness in both patients and controls.

Use of nasolabial flap in intra and extraoral reconstruction: our experience with 40 cases.

Purpose: This article represents the use of inferiorly based nasolabial flap in reconstruction of various intraoral and extraoral defects.

Patients And Methods: Nasolabial flaps were performed in 40 patients, for reconstruction of buccal mucosa, gingivobuccal sulcus, commissure, lower lip, floor of mouth, upper lip and lower alveolar defects.

Results: The most common defect site in the oral cavity was the buccal mucosa.

Identification of small molecule inhibitors against UBE2C by using docking studies.

An increased expression of UBE2C (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C) has been associated with high tumor grade and cancer progression. It is an essential indicator of the mitotic destruction events. Our microarray study on cervical cancers showed UBE2C to be over expressed in cervical cancer.