Effectiveness of a continuing education program of drugs with fiscalized substance to improve pharmacy staff competencies: A multicenter, cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Background: Drugs with fiscalized substances without a correct prescription may lead to undesirable side effects. Pharmacy staff needs to improve their competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) to contribute to providing ambulatory pharmacy services and minimizing medication errors. Continuing education programs (CEP) could favor access to relevant and quality information on health promotion, disease prevention, and the rational use of drugs.

Evaluation of the effects of a drug with fiscalized substance dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance continuing education program in Colombia drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies: study protocol of a multicenter, cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Background: Health disorders, due to the use of drugs with fiscalized substances, including controlled substances, have become a common problem in Colombia. Multiple reasons can help explain this problem, including self-medication, since access to these drugs may be easier. Also, there is a lack of knowledge that these drugs are safer than illicit drugs.

Piloting the Integration of Non-Dispensing Pharmacists in the Australian General Practice Setting: A Process Evaluation.

Introduction: This process evaluation examined the circumstances affecting implementation, intervention design and situational context of the twelve week pilot phase of a project integrating five pharmacists into twelve general practice sites in Western Sydney.

Description Of Care Practice: This study used a mixed method study design using qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews and quantitative data collected by project pharmacists to analyse the process of the integrating pharmacists is general practice. Framework analysis of the interview transcripts was used to align the results with the key process evaluation themes of implementation, mechanism of impact and context.

A stakeholder co-design approach for developing a community pharmacy service to enhance screening and management of atrial fibrillation.

Background: Community pharmacies provide a suitable setting to promote self-screening programs aimed at enhancing the early detection of atrial fibrillation (AF). Developing and implementing novel community pharmacy services (CPSs) is a complex and acknowledged challenge, which requires comprehensive planning and the participation of relevant stakeholders. Co-design processes are participatory research approaches that can enhance the development, evaluation and implementation of health services.

A multilevel stakeholder approach for identifying the determinants of implementation of government-funded community pharmacy services at the primary care level.

Background: A key early step to enhance the integration of community pharmacy services (CPSs) into primary care practice is identifying key determinants of practice (i.e., critical circumstances that influence the implementation of such services).

Qualitative meta-synthesis of barriers and facilitators that influence the implementation of community pharmacy services: perspectives of patients, nurses and general medical practitioners.

Objectives: The integration of community pharmacy services (CPSs) into primary care practice can be enhanced by assessing (and further addressing) the elements that enable (ie, facilitators) or hinder (ie, barriers) the implementation of such CPSs. These elements have been widely researched from the perspective of pharmacists but not from the perspectives of other stakeholders who can interact with and influence the implementation of CPSs. The aim of this study was to synthesise the literature on patients', general practitioners' (GPs) and nurses' perspectives of CPSs to identify barriers and facilitators to their implementation in Australia.

Use of Intervention Mapping to Enhance Health Care Professional Practice: A Systematic Review.

Background: Intervention Mapping is a planning protocol for developing behavior change interventions, the first three steps of which are intended to establish the foundations and rationales of such interventions.

Aim: This systematic review aimed to identify programs that used Intervention Mapping to plan changes in health care professional practice. Specifically, it provides an analysis of the information provided by the programs in the first three steps of the protocol to determine their foundations and rationales of change.

Cost analysis for the implementation of a medication review with follow-up service in Spain.

Background Medication review with follow-up (MRF) is a professional pharmacy service proven to be cost-effective. Its broader implementation is limited, mainly due to the lack of evidence-based implementation programs that include economic and financial analysis. Objective To analyse the costs and estimate the price of providing and implementing MRF.

Cost analysis and cost-benefit analysis of a medication review with follow-up service in aged polypharmacy patients.

Background: Drug related problems have a significant clinical and economic burden on patients and the healthcare system. Medication review with follow-up (MRF) is a professional pharmacy service aimed at improving patient's health outcomes through an optimization of the medication.

Objective: To ascertain the economic impact of the MRF service provided in community pharmacies to aged polypharmacy patients comparing MRF with usual care, by undertaking a cost analysis and a cost-benefit analysis.

Qualitative study on the implementation of professional pharmacy services in Australian community pharmacies using framework analysis.

Background: Multiple studies have explored the implementation process and influences, however it appears there is no study investigating these influences across the stages of implementation. Community pharmacy is attempting to implement professional services (pharmaceutical care and other health services). The use of implementation theory may assist the achievement of widespread provision, support and integration.

Modelling elderly patients' perception of the community pharmacist image when providing professional services.

Professional pharmaceutical services may impact on patient's health behaviour as well as influence on patients' perceptions of the pharmacist image. The Health Belief Model predicts health-related behaviours using patients' beliefs. However, health beliefs (HBs) could transcend beyond predicting health behaviour and may have an impact on the patients' perceptions of the pharmacist image.

A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Community Pharmacy Services Aimed at the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and has a substantial impact on people's health and quality of life. CVD also causes an increased use of health care resources and services, representing a significant proportion of health care expenditure. Integrating evidence-based community pharmacy services is seen as an asset to reduce the burden of CVD on individuals and the health care system.

Patients' expectations of the role of the community pharmacist: Development and testing of a conceptual model.

Background: The roles of community pharmacists are evolving to include provision of expanded professional pharmacy services, thus leading to an increased interest in pharmacist-patient interactions. Role theory can be used to explain the interaction between this pair of individuals, by focusing on the roles performed by each one.

Objective: To develop and test a model that relates patients' image of the pharmacist to their expectations of pharmacist's role, and how this then influences patients' reactions toward the pharmacist's role.

[Reliability and external validity of a questionnaire to assess the knowledge about risk and cardiovascular disease and in patients attending Spanish community pharmacies].

Objectives: To determine the test-retest reliability of a questionnaire, with a validation preliminary, to assess knowledge of cardiovascular risk (CVR) and cardiovascular disease in patients attending community pharmacies in Spain. To complement the external validity, establishing the relationship between an educational activity and the increase in knowledge about CVR and cardiovascular disease.

Design: Sub-analysis of a controlled clinical study, EMDADER-CV, in which a questionnaire about knowledge concerning CVR was applied at 4 different times.

Development and testing of two implementation tools to measure components of professional pharmacy service fidelity.

Rationale, Aims And Objectives: There is a need to evaluate both service process and implementation outcomes as professional services are being implemented into pharmacy practice. Fidelity is an implementation outcome, which may be used for service optimization, by associating service components to patient outcomes, as well as use in process evaluation. The objective of this study was to develop tools to measure components of fidelity, specifically, an adherence index (adherence of the service provider to the elements of the service) and a patient responsiveness scale for the professional pharmacy service, medication review with follow-up.

Healthcare professional-patient relationships: Systematic review of theoretical models from a community pharmacy perspective.

Objective: To identify health care professional-patient relationship theoretical models and individual factors that may have an influence on this relationship and be relevant to community pharmacy practice.

Methods: Using the recommended methodology by Prisma Statement, a search was undertaken in PubMed for health care professional-patient relationship theoretical models that included individual factors.

Results: Eight theoretical models met the inclusion criteria.

Model for the evaluation of implementation programs and professional pharmacy services.

Pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical care research of professional services has largely focused on patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Research studies have been, for the most part, conducted in controlled conditions prior to full scale implementation. There appears to be a dearth of process and evaluation of implementation reported.

A systematic review of implementation frameworks of innovations in healthcare and resulting generic implementation framework.

Background: Implementation science and knowledge translation have developed across multiple disciplines with the common aim of bringing innovations to practice. Numerous implementation frameworks, models, and theories have been developed to target a diverse array of innovations. As such, it is plausible that not all frameworks include the full range of concepts now thought to be involved in implementation.

Validity of home blood pressure measurements manually registered by patients after an educational session provided by community pharmacists.

When home blood pressure (HBP) measurements are taken, the readings can be registered manually by the patient and/or stored in the device's memory. The instructions provided by healthcare professionals would be particularly relevant to guarantee the reliability of manual blood pressure (BP) figures and enhance clinical decision making. The aim of this study is assess the agreement between HBP measurements manually registered by patients and those stored in the device's memory after an educational session provided by community pharmacists.

Assessment of a screening protocol for type 2 diabetes in community pharmacy. The DiabNow Study.

The aim of this study was to assess the performance and feasibility of a protocol for screening type 2 diabetes in community pharmacy. Performance was primarily assessed by measuring stakeholders' adherence (pharmacists, patients and physicians) to the protocol's components.

Cost-utility analysis of a medication review with follow-up service for older adults with polypharmacy in community pharmacies in Spain: the conSIGUE program.

Background: The concept of pharmaceutical care is operationalized through pharmaceutical professional services, which are patient-oriented to optimize their pharmacotherapy and to improve clinical outcomes.

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of a medication review with follow-up (MRF) service for older adults with polypharmacy in Spanish community pharmacies against the alternative of having their medication dispensed normally.

Methods: The study was designed as a cluster randomized controlled trial, and was carried out over a time horizon of 6 months.

Identifying masked uncontrolled hypertension in the community pharmacy setting.

Masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH) is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. This condition is frequent in the community pharmacy (i.e.

Effect of a pharmacist intervention on asthma control. A cluster randomised trial.

Introduction: Achievement and maintenance of good asthma control is a major objective in asthma management. However, asthma control in many patients is suboptimal, due to improper use of asthma medications and non-adherence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a pharmacist intervention on asthma control in adult patients.