Poor Physical Function as a Risk Factor for Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: it cannot be ascertained whether an individual with poor physical function is at an increased risk of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), thus the aim of this study is to examine this potential relationship.

Methods: in this study, a fixed retrospective cohort design has been conducted by using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. A total of 6,863 respondents who were not diagnosed with NCD by medical personnel in 2007 were successfully traced.

Do the Number of Cigarettes Smokes per Day Contribute to the Incident of Malignant Cancer?

Background: The incident of malignant cancer due to smoking habit becomes a public health problem especially in the developing countries. Active smokers neglect to stop smoking even though various studies proved that smoking increases the risk of cancer. While, previous studies have assessed the incident risk of cancer but have not performed the validity of the measurement.