Aim And Objectives: The aim of the research is to determine the effect of cold application on the pain owing to chest tube removal for patients with single pleural chest tube.
Background: Removal of chest tubes causes patients to feel pain and interventions used for reducing the pain owing to the removal of chest tubes are not sufficient.
Design: Controlled clinical trial with repeated measures.
Purpose: To compare efficacy and cost of conventional and alternative sampling methods concerning urine cultures.
Design And Methods: An experimental study with two replications was carried out in a 900-bed university hospital in Ankara, Turkey. The sample was 160 hospitalized female patients, who were asked to give urine specimens, September 10,2000 and September 1,2001.