Non-invasive 4D transcranial functional ultrasound and ultrasound localization microscopy for multimodal imaging of neurovascular response.

A long-standing goal of neuroimaging is the non-invasive volumetric assessment of whole brain function and structure at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Functional ultrasound (fUS) and ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) are rapidly emerging techniques that promise to bring advanced brain imaging and therapy to the clinic with the safety and low-cost advantages associated with ultrasound. fUS has been used to study cerebral hemodynamics at high temporal resolutions while ULM has been used to study cerebral microvascular structure at high spatial resolutions.

Direct cortical stimulation induces short-term plasticity of neural oscillations in humans.

Patterned brain stimulation is commonly employed as a tool for eliciting plasticity in brain circuits and treating neuropsychiatric disorders. Although widely used in clinical settings, there remains a limited understanding of how stimulation-induced plasticity influences neural oscillations and their interplay with the underlying baseline functional architecture. To address this question, we applied 15 minutes of 10Hz focal electrical simulation, a pattern identical to 'excitatory' repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), to 14 medically-intractable epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG).

Personalized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression.

Personalized treatments are gaining momentum across all fields of medicine. Precision medicine can be applied to neuromodulatory techniques, in which focused brain stimulation treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulate brain circuits and alleviate clinical symptoms. rTMS is well tolerated and clinically effective for treatment-resistant depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders.