Effect of interventions including provision of personalised cancer risk information on accuracy of risk perception and psychological responses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To synthesize the literature on the effect of provision of personalised cancer risk information to individuals at population level risk on accuracy of risk perception and psychological responses.

Methods: A systematic review and random effects meta-analysis of articles published from 01/01/2000 to 01/07/2017.

Results: We included 23 studies.

Odds of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Receiving Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors: A National Cohort Study Within the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Preclinical and clinical data of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have demonstrated discordant data regarding acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between DPP-4 use and AKI. This cohort study utilized data from the Department of Veterans Affairs evaluating patients diagnosed with type 2 (T2) diabetes with a DPP-4 inhibitor and compared with nondiabetic and diabetic patients.

Behavioural analysis of postnatal physical activity in the UK according to the COM-B model: a multi-methods study.

Objective: Develop a behavioural analysis of factors influencing postnatal physical activity (PA) according to the 'capability, opportunity, motivation and behaviour' (COM-B) model of behaviour to inform intervention development using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW).

Design: Cross-sectional, multi-method study using semi-structured interviews and a quantitative questionnaire.

Setting: Children's centres and mother and baby groups in Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, UK.

Heterozygous loss of keratinocyte TRIM16 expression increases melanocytic cell lesions and lymph node metastasis.

Purpose: The tripartite motif (TRIM)16 acts as a tumour suppressor in both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. TRIM16 is known to be secreted by keratinocytes, but no studies have been reported yet to assess the relationship between TRIM16 keratinocyte expression and melanoma development.

Methods: To study the role of TRIM16 in skin cancer development, we developed a keratinocyte TRIM16-specific knockout mouse model, and used the classical two-stage skin carcinogenesis challenge method, to assess the loss of keratinocyte TRIM16 on both papilloma, SCC and melanoma development in the skin after topical carcinogen treatment.

Value of Pharmacy Students Performing Population Management Activity Interventions as an Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience.

To assess the value of an advanced pharmacy practice experience in which students engaged in population health management (PHM) activities for a managed care setting. Students were provided with a list of patients, trained on the requirements for each PHM activity and completed them independently. The students reviewed the electronic record for each patient on their list to identify those who were non-adherent to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) within one year of coronary stent placement, non-adherent to beta blockers (BB) within six months post-acute myocardial infarction, or with renal dysfunction and requiring dose adjustment of lipid-lowering therapy.

Allele-Specific Silencing Ameliorates Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Attributable to a Human Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Mutation.

Background: Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a rare heart disease associated with mutations in sarcomeric genes and with phenotypic overlap with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There is no approved therapy directed at the underlying cause. Here, we explore the potential of an interfering RNA (RNAi) therapeutic for a human sarcomeric mutation in MYL2 causative of restrictive cardiomyopathy in a mouse model.

Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease.

The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders and colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence in Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden of care. Dietary patterns and environmental factors have a profound effect on shaping gut microbiota in real time.

Inpatient, Outpatient, and Pharmacy Costs in Patients With and Without HIV in the US Veteran's Affairs Administration System.

Objectives: To evaluate the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and medical costs (inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy, total) using a national cohort of HIV-infected Veterans and non-HIV matched controls within the Veteran's Affairs (VA) Administration system.

Design: This study used claims (January 2000 to December 2016) extracted from the VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure and VA Health Economics Resource Center. Cases included Veterans with an for HIV with at least 1 prescription for a complete antiretroviral therapy regimen (January 2000 to September 2016).

Does smoking abstinence predict cancer patients' quality of life over time?

Objective: Smoking cessation improves quality of life (QOL) in the general population. However, there is limited information on the role of smoking status on QOL among cancer patients. Moreover, previous studies tended to analyze smoking status dichotomously and at a single point in time, potentially reducing the strength of the relation between smoking cessation and QOL.

Evaluating diagnostic strategies for early detection of cancer: the CanTest framework.

Background: Novel diagnostic triage and testing strategies to support early detection of cancer could improve clinical outcomes. Most apparently promising diagnostic tests ultimately fail because of inadequate performance in real-world, low prevalence populations such as primary care or general community populations. They should therefore be systematically evaluated before implementation to determine whether they lead to earlier detection, are cost-effective, and improve patient safety and quality of care, while minimising over-investigation and over-diagnosis.

An exploration of the barriers to attendance at the English Stop Smoking Services.

Introduction: Despite the availability of effective stop smoking assistance, most smokers do not utilise formal cessation programmes such as the English Stop Smoking Services (SSS). We modified the Treatment Barriers Questionnaire (TBQ), developed in the USA, and distributed it to a sample of English smokers to explore the most important barriers to the use of the SSS.

Methods: Participants of Start2quit, a randomised controlled trial aiming to increase attendance at the SSS using tailored risk information and 'taster' sessions, who reported at follow-up that they had not attended the SSS, were asked to complete the TBQ; 672 (76.

The relationship between parental attitudes and children's alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and their child's alcohol use. Secondary aims included assessing the relationship between attitudes reported by parents and those perceived by children, and between perceived parental attitudes and children's alcohol use.

Methods: Meta-analysis of studies reporting on the associations between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and children's self-reported alcohol use.

Risk of acute kidney injury in patients with HIV receiving proton pump inhibitors.

To evaluate the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with HIV receiving proton pump inhibitors (PPI) a cohort study was conducted utilizing the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI) database. Patients were followed from the index date until the earliest date of AKI, 120 days or end of study period, or death. Statistical analyses utilized a Cox proportional hazards model.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a tailored text-message programme (MiQuit) for smoking cessation in pregnancy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and meta-analysis.

Background: Smoking in pregnancy is a major international public health problem. Self-help support (SHS) increases the likelihood of women stopping smoking in pregnancy and delivering this kind of support by text message could be a cost-effective way to deliver SHS to pregnant women who smoke. SHS delivered by text message helps non-pregnant smokers to stop but the currently available message programmes are not appropriate for use in pregnancy.

Worsening cognitive performance is associated with increases in systemic inflammation following hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Background: Cognitive decline is a frequently cited concern among patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), and patients often experience neurocognitive deficits (i.e., stable or worsening neurocognitive performance) throughout the transplant course.

A culturally and linguistically salient pilot intervention to promote colorectal cancer screening among Latinos receiving care in a Federally Qualified Health Center.

Despite established benefits, colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is underutilized among Latinos/Hispanics. We conducted a pilot 2-arm randomized controlled trial evaluating efficacy of two intervention conditions on CRC screening uptake among Latinos receiving care in community clinics. Participants (N = 76) were aged 50-75, most were foreign-born, preferred to receive their health information in Spanish, and not up-to-date with CRC screening.

Do cognitive heuristics underpin symptom appraisal for symptoms of cancer?: A secondary qualitative analysis across seven cancers.

Objectives: To explore the evidence for cognitive heuristics or "rules of thumb" used within patients' reports of symptom appraisal and decisions to seek help for symptoms of cancer.

Methods: A secondary analysis of interviews from existing studies that explored symptom appraisal in patients who had sought help for potential symptoms of cancer. Transcripts from n = 50 in-depth interviews with patients referred with symptoms suspicious of cancer (pancreas, colorectal, oral, lung, melanoma, breast, and prostate) were re-analysed using a deductive thematic approach underpinned by the heuristics outlined in the Common Sense Model of Illness Self-regulation as set within the Model of Pathways to Treatment.

A Prospective Analysis of Radiation Oncologist Compliance With Early Peer Review Recommendations.

Purpose: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of physician compliance with daily early pretreatment planning peer review recommendations and quantified factors associated with compliance.

Methods And Materials: All patient cases in our department are presented at 2 peer review conferences: (1) "early" preplanning, occurring daily for patients who have undergone simulation review, and (2) "late" (chart rounds), occurring weekly for patients who have started treatment. Peer review recommendations were prospectively recorded during early review, and compliance with recommendations was determined at chart rounds.

The Association between the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Risk of Hypomagnesemia in a National Cohort of Veteran Patients with HIV.

Objectives: To examine the risk of hypomagnesemia of HIV-positive patients adherent to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Methods: A cohort study utilizing the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure was conducted on patients with (1) a complete antiretroviral therapy, (2) a serum magnesium measure during the study period, and (3) adherent to PPIs. Statistical analyses evaluated baseline characteristics between cohorts and a Cox proportional hazards model evaluating the association of hypomagnesemia while adjusting for baseline covariates.

Diagnostic stewardship of C. difficile testing: a quasi-experimental antimicrobial stewardship study.

Objective: We evaluated whether a diagnostic stewardship initiative consisting of ASP preauthorization paired with education could reduce false-positive hospital-onset (HO) Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).

Design: Single center, quasi-experimental study.

Setting: Tertiary academic medical center in Chicago, Illinois.

Differences in objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour between white Europeans and south Asians recruited from primary care: cross-sectional analysis of the PROPELS trial.

Background: Self-reported data have consistently shown South Asians (SAs) to be less physically active than White Europeans (WEs) in developed countries, however objective data is lacking. Differences in sedentary time have not been elucidated in this population. This study aimed to quantify differences in objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour between WEs and SAs recruited from primary care and to investigate differences in demographic and lifestyle correlates of these behaviours.

National Survey of Oncologists at National Cancer Institute-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers: Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practice Behaviors About LGBTQ Patients With Cancer.

Purpose: To identify potential gaps in attitudes, knowledge, and institutional practices toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) patients, a national survey of oncologists at National Cancer Institute-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers was conducted to measure these attributes related to LGBTQ patients and desire for future training and education.

Methods: A random sample of 450 oncologists from 45 cancer centers was selected from the American Medical Association's Physician Masterfile to complete a survey measuring attitudes and knowledge about LGBTQ health and institutional practices. Results were quantified using descriptive and stratified analyses and by a novel attitude summary measure.

Vaping characteristics and expectancies are associated with smoking cessation propensity among dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes.

Background And Aims: Most e-cigarette users who also smoke combustible cigarettes (dual users) begin vaping to quit smoking, yet only a subset succeeds. We hypothesized that reinforcing characteristics of e-cigarettes (vaping reinforcement) would positively predict smoking cessation propensity (SCP) among dual users.

Design: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from dual users in an ongoing smoking cessation trial.