Post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric manifestations: a suggested therapeutic approach to 'long COVID' with azithromycin.

The devastating effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may not end when the acute illness has terminated. A subset of COVID-19 patients may have symptoms that persist for months. This condition has been described as 'long COVID'.

Azithromycin and COVID-19: Prompt early use at first signs of this infection in adults and children, an approach worthy of consideration.

The devastating effects of the coronavirus designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have led to urgent attempts to find effective therapeutic agents for inpatient and outpatient treatment of COVID-19. Initial enthusiasm for the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin has abated. However, as a result of positive clinical experience with azithromycin used alone during the first few days of the flu-like illness caused by this coronavirus, we recommend formal clinical trials using azithromycin early in the course of a COVID-19 infection.

Curriculum mapping as a tool to facilitate curriculum development: a new School of Medicine experience.

Background: Every curriculum needs to be reviewed, implemented and evaluated; it must also comply with the regulatory standards. This report demonstrates the value of curriculum mapping (CM), which shows the spatial relationships of a curriculum, in developing and managing an integrated medical curriculum.

Methods: A new medical school developed a clinical presentation driven integrated curriculum that incorporates the active-learning pedagogical practices of many educational institutions worldwide while adhering to the mandated requirements of the accreditation bodies.

Impact of a standardized management protocol on mortality of children with diarrhoea: an update of risk factors for childhood death.

In the developing world, diarrhoeal disease is a significant cause of childhood morbidity especially amongst severely malnourished children. As a direct result of improved acute-phase management of this group of patients, there has been a 47 per cent reduction in the death rate among severely malnourished children hospitalized at the ICDDR,B in Bangladesh. The change in the risk factors for death among children aged under 5 years presenting with diarrhoea was reassessed.

Recent advances in the treatment of childhood obesity.

The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in the last decade indicates a need for effective treatment programs. We conducted a short-term, repeated-measures, clinical-outcome trial in three groups of children and adolescents in two different locations. Two cohorts (n=34) were enrolled in a 36-wk multi-disciplinary weight-management program at the Children's Hospital of New Orleans.

Weight loss and growth velocity in obese children after very low calorie diet, exercise, and behavior modification.

Unlabelled: The prevalence of obesity in American youth is increasing and treatment of the condition is difficult. We have developed a multi-disciplinary weight reduction program that extends over 1 y and includes a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) followed by a hypocaloric diet, exercise, and behavior modification. Based on data collected at baseline, at the end of the acute intervention phase (10-20 wk), and at 1-y evaluation, we assessed the efficacy of this outpatient weight reduction program in treating obese children and adolescents in a follow-up of a series of cases.

Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of a resistance training program in preadolescent obese children.

Background: Safe and effective exercise programs are needed to prevent and treat chronic diseases in childhood. In particular, preadolescent obese children should participate in activities that are specific to their special needs. Resistance or strength training has been prescribed for adult obese persons.

Lipid profiles of obese children and adolescents before and after significant weight loss: differences according to sex.

Background: Childhood obesity has been associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). We observed the lipid profiles of obese female subjects versus obese male subjects before and after significant weight loss.

Methods: We studied 29 girls and 21 boys enrolled in a multidisciplinary weight reduction program.

Cow's milk versus formula in older infants: consequences for human nutrition.

Human milk is the preferred feeding for all infants, including premature and sick newborns, with rare exceptions. However, modern technology has produced alternative, "humanized formulae", which closely mimic the composition of human milk. The ingestion of human milk, "humanized formulae" or whole cow's milk has consequences for human nutrition.

A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of childhood obesity.

Childhood obesity is a chronic disease that is associated with significant co-morbidity. Successful treatment and prevention of childhood obesity requires a multidisciplinary approach, including diet, nutrition education, behavior modification, and exercise. We studied 87 children (39 males, 48 females; aged 7-17 years) enrolled in a one-year multidisciplinary weight reduction program.

Inclusion of resistance exercise in a multidisciplinary outpatient treatment program for preadolescent obese children.

Background: Safe and effective exercise programs are needed to prevent and treat chronic diseases in childhood. In particular, preadolescent obese children should participate in activities that are specific to their special needs.

Methods: We included a moderate intensity, progressive resistance training program in a multidisciplinary weight management program for obese preadolescent children.

Motivating the obese child to move: the role of structured exercise in pediatric weight management.

Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity is rapidly increasing. Successful prevention and treatment of childhood obesity depends on increasing the physical activity patterns of obese youth. However, motivating the obese child to participate in physical activity is difficult.

Mortality in severely malnourished children with diarrhoea and use of a standardised management protocol.

Background: Severely malnourished children have high mortality rates. Death commonly occurs during the first 48 h after hospital admission, and has been attributed to faulty case-management. We developed a standardised protocol for acute-phase treatment of children with severe malnutrition and diarrhoea, with the aim of reducing mortality.

The impact of significant weight loss on resting energy expenditure in obese youth.

Background: The prevalence of obesity in American youth is increasing and treating the condition is difficult.

Methods: We have developed a multidisciplinary weight-reduction program that includes a very low calorie diet followed by a hypocaloric diet, exercise, and behavior modification. Based on data collected at baseline and at the end of the acute intervention phase (10 weeks), we assessed the impact of the weight loss that resulted from participation in this weight reduction program on the resting energy expenditure and body composition of obese children and adolescents.

Hepatic insulin clearance increases after weight loss in obese children and adolescents.

Background: Obesity is a rapidly increasing health problem among US youth. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with obesity and has been found to be a contributory factor for the development of cardiovascular disease in the obese. It has been suggested that hyperinsulinemia of obesity is a result of increased insulin secretion caused by insulin resistance.

The health benefits of physical activity in children and adolescents: implications for chronic disease prevention.

Unlabelled: Clinical, epidemiological and basic research evidence clearly supports the inclusion of regular physical activity as a tool for the prevention of chronic disease and the enhancement of overall health. In children, activities of a moderate intensity may enhance overall health, and assist in preventing chronic disease in at-risk youth. The numerous health benefits of regular exercise are dependent on the type, intensity and volume of activity pursued by the individual.

Iron deficiency reduces the hydrolysis of cell membrane phosphatidyl inositol-4,5-bisphosphate during splenic lymphocyte activation in C57BL/6 mice.

Iron deficiency impairs lymphocyte proliferation in humans and laboratory animals by unknown mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether this alteration can be attributed in part to impaired hydrolysis of cell membrane phosphatidyl inositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a required early event of T-lymphocyte activation. The study involved 46 iron-deficient (ID), 26 control (C) and 23 pair-fed (PF) mice, and ID mice that were repleted for 3 (n = 16), 7 (n = 17) or 14 d (n = 18).

Nutritional support and growth in thalassaemia major.

Twelve thalassaemic children under 3 years of age received intensive nutritional support for one month and were discharged on a prescribed diet of locally available foods. Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis and dietary intake were longitudinally assessed. Mean energy intake was 20% greater than the recommended daily allowance during nutritional supplementation as compared with below the recommended daily allowance before and after the period of nutritional support.

Nutrition and HIV infection in children.

HIV infection has profound effects on a patient's nutritional status because it can modulate appetite, nutrient absorption and basal metabolic rate. In addition, HIV infection can lead to the depletion of a variety of vitamins and micronutrients including vitamins A, D, B2, B6, B12, L-carnitine, iron, zinc and selenium. This review article summarizes existing data regarding nutritional defects in HIV-infected patients and the results of clinical studies addressing the effects of nutritional supplementation in infected patients.

Feasibility of a clinic-based hypocaloric dietary intervention implemented in a school setting for obese children.

The objective of this study was to examine whether a protein-sparing modified fast diet and a hypocaloric balanced diet are effective in a clinic-based dietary intervention implemented in a school setting high-risk weight loss program for superobese (> or = 140% of their ideal body weight for height [IBW] children. A group of children from two suburban public schools in New Orleans, Louisiana were randomized to either dietary-intervention group and control group. Children were followed for 6 months.