Sex-Specific Effects of Early Life Unpredictability on Hippocampal and Amygdala Responses to Novelty in Adolescents.

Background: Unpredictable childhood experiences are an understudied form of early life adversity that impacts neurodevelopment in a sex-specific manner. The neurobiological processes by which exposure to early-life unpredictability impacts development and vulnerability to psychopathology remain poorly understood. The present study investigates the sex-specific consequences of early-life unpredictability on the limbic network, focusing on the hippocampus and the amygdala.

Impact of training data composition on the generalizability of convolutional neural network aortic cross-section segmentation in four-dimensional magnetic resonance flow imaging.

Background: Four-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance flow imaging (4D flow CMR) plays an important role in assessing cardiovascular diseases. However, the manual or semi-automatic segmentation of aortic vessel boundaries in 4D flow data introduces variability and limits the reproducibility of aortic hemodynamics visualization and quantitative flow-related parameter computation. This paper explores the potential of deep learning to improve 4D flow CMR segmentation by developing models for automatic segmentation and analyzes the impact of the training data on the generalization of the model across different sites, scanner vendors, sequences, and pathologies.

Individual longitudinal changes in DNA-methylome identify signatures of early-life adversity and correlate with later outcome.

Adverse early-life experiences (ELA) affect a majority of the world's children. Whereas the enduring impact of ELA on cognitive and emotional health is established, there are no tools to predict vulnerability to ELA consequences in an individual child. Epigenetic markers including peripheral-cell DNA-methylation profiles may encode ELA and provide predictive outcome markers, yet the interindividual variance of the human genome and rapid changes in DNA methylation in childhood pose significant challenges.

Epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and diagnostic findings in pet rabbits with myxomatosis caused by the California MSW strain of myxoma virus: 11 cases (2022-2023).

Objective: To determine epidemiologic features of naturally occurring myxomatosis in domestic rabbits in California and to characterize clinicopathologic and diagnostic findings.

Animals: 11 client-owned rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus subsp domesticus.

Clinical Presentation: A prospective study of pet rabbits with myxomatosis seen at an exotic animal specialty clinic in Santa Cruz county, California, was conducted between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2023.

A quantum coherent spin in hexagonal boron nitride at ambient conditions.

Solid-state spin-photon interfaces that combine single-photon generation and long-lived spin coherence with scalable device integration-ideally under ambient conditions-hold great promise for the implementation of quantum networks and sensors. Despite rapid progress reported across several candidate systems, those possessing quantum coherent single spins at room temperature remain extremely rare. Here we report quantum coherent control under ambient conditions of a single-photon-emitting defect spin in a layered van der Waals material, namely, hexagonal boron nitride.

Quantifying aortic valve regurgitation in patients with congenital aortic valve disease by 2D and 4D flow magnetic resonance analysis.

Background: In congenital aortic valve disease, quantifying aortic regurgitation (AR) varies by the measurement site. Our study aimed to identify the optimal site for AR assessment using 2D and 4D MR flow measurements, with a focus on vortices.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed 31 patients with congenital aortic valve disease, performing 2D and 4D MR flow measurements at the aortic valve, sinotubular junction (STJ), ascending aorta (AAo), and using midpulmonary artery measurements as a reference.

Infant hedonic/anhedonic processing index (HAPI-Infant): Assessing infant anhedonia and its prospective association with adolescent depressive symptoms.

Background: Anhedonia, an impairment in the motivation for or experience of pleasure, is a well-established transdiagnostic harbinger and core symptom of mental illness. Given increasing recognition of early life origins of mental illness, we posit that anhedonia should, and could, be recognized earlier if appropriate tools were available. However, reliable diagnostic instruments prior to childhood do not currently exist.

Within-subject changes in methylome profile identify individual signatures of early-life adversity, with a potential to predict neuropsychiatric outcome.

Background: Adverse early-life experiences (ELA), including poverty, trauma and neglect, affect a majority of the world's children. Whereas the impact of ELA on cognitive and emotional health throughout the lifespan is well-established, it is not clear how distinct types of ELA influence child development, and there are no tools to predict for an individual child their vulnerability or resilience to the consequences of ELAs. Epigenetic markers including DNA-methylation profiles of peripheral cells may encode ELA and provide a predictive outcome marker.

Reliability of ordinal outcomes in forensic black-box studies.

Forensic science disciplines such as latent print examination, bullet and cartridge case comparisons, and shoeprint analysis, involve subjective decisions by forensic experts throughout the examination process. Most of the decisions involve ordinal categories. Examples include a three-category outcome for latent print comparisons (exclusion, inconclusive, identification) and a seven-category outcome for footwear comparisons (exclusion, indications of non-association, inconclusive, limited association of class characteristics, association of class characteristics, high degree of association, identification).

Across ages and places: Unpredictability of maternal sensory signals and child internalizing behaviors.

Background: Patterns of sensory inputs early in life play an integral role in shaping the maturation of neural circuits, including those implicated in emotion and cognition. In both experimental animal models and observational human research, unpredictable sensory signals have been linked to aberrant developmental outcomes, including poor memory and effortful control. These findings suggest that sensitivity to unpredictable sensory signals is conserved across species and sculpts the developing brain.

Ambulatory sedation for children under 6 years with CHD in MRI and CT.

Introduction: In infants and young children, good image quality in MRI and CT requires sedation or general anesthesia to prevent motion artefacts. This study aims to determine the safety of ambulatory sedation for children with CHD in an outpatient setting as a feasible alternative to in-hospital management.

Methods: We recorded 91 consecutive MRI and CT examinations of patients with CHD younger than 6 years with ambulatory sedation.

The Over-Irradiation Metabolite Derivative, 24-Hydroxylumister-ol, Reduces UV-Induced Damage in Skin.

The hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)D, reduces UV-induced DNA damage. UV exposure initiates pre-vitamin D production in the skin, and continued UV exposure photoisomerizes pre-vitamin D to produce "over-irradiation products" such as lumisterol (L). Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) in skin catalyzes the conversion of L to produce three main derivatives: 24-hydroxy-L [24(OH)L], 22-hydroxy-L [22(OH)L], and 20,22-dihydroxy-L [20,22(OH)L].

Junctional rhythm produces retrograde flow in the whole Fontan system: cardiac magnetic resonance-derived flow documentation-a case report.

Background: Arrhythmias after palliation of congenital malformations with functional monoventricle by different Fontan modifications are very common. Sinus node dysfunction and junctional rhythm are known to have a high prevalence and a detrimental impact on the optimal functioning of Fontan circulations. Maintaining sinus node function has high prognostic significance, and some cases have even been described where atrial pacing with restoring of atrioventricular synchrony was able to reverse protein-losing enteropathy with overt failure of the Fontan.

Optimising the screening for haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy planning.

Haemoglobinopathies are among the most common inherited disorders around the world. In the United States the diagnosis of haemoglobinopathy or a carrier state is made by universal newborn screening. However, many individuals of childbearing age do not know they are a haemoglobinopathy carrier.