Congenital muscle dystrophy and diet consistency affect mouse skull shape differently.

The bones of the mammalian skull respond plastically to changes in masticatory function. However, the extent to which muscle function affects the growth and development of the skull, whose regions have different maturity patterns, remains unclear. Using muscle dissection and 3D landmark-based geometric morphometrics we investigated the effect of changes in muscle function established either before or after weaning, on skull shape and muscle mass in adult mice.

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.].

Physostigmine reverses disturbances of the intestinal microcirculation during experimental endotoxemia.

Intestinal microcirculatory disturbances play an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. A neural anti-inflammatory pathway has been suggested as a potential target for therapy that may dampen systemic inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, on the intestinal microcirculation and vascular contractility in experimental endotoxemia.

Acute administration of antibiotics modulates intestinal capillary perfusion and leukocyte adherence during experimental sepsis.

Antibiotic treatment represents a mainstay of therapy for clinical sepsis. Distinct from their antimicrobial effects, antibiotics may impact the inflammatory process in sepsis, e.g.

3D assisted morphological analysis of lingual upper central and lateral incisor surfaces.

Objective: To determine the lingual surface morphology of central and lateral upper incisors evaluating constant morphological regions for better adhesion of industrial prefabricated lingual brackets.

Material And Methods: A total of 102 randomly selected patients at the end of the first phase of second dentition with intact central and lateral upper incisors participated in this study. After impression taking and cast model preparation, 3D laser scans of the lingual surface of the upper central and lateral incisors were taken (Laserscan 3D®, Willytec, Munich, Germany), digitalised, and transferred into CAD software to analyse the surface morphology by superimposition.

Histological changes and changes in the myosin mRNA content of the porcine masticatory muscles after masseter treatment with botulinum toxin A.

Objectives: Botulinum toxin A (Botox) is increasingly used for treatment of muscle hyperfunction. For a better understanding of the possible morphologic and chewing changes in patients induced by a therapy with Botox, muscle fiber and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNA alterations were examined in this animal study.

Materials And Methods: The investigation was carried out on 14-week-old pigs (seven treated animals, eight controls; calculated animal size with a power of 0.

Comparison of reference points in different methods of temporomandibular joint imaging.

Purpose: Conventional radiography is a well-established method for imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures. However, the dental computer tomography becomes more important for the visualization of teeth in the jaw-bone. The applicability of dental computer tomography for the visualization of the TMJ it not yet been proven.

Cannabinoid receptor 2 activation reduces intestinal leukocyte recruitment and systemic inflammatory mediator release in acute experimental sepsis.

Introduction: Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) expression is upregulated during sepsis. However, there are conflicting results regarding the effects of CB2R modulation in the hyperinflammatory phase of the disease. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of CB2R manipulation on leukocyte activation within the intestinal microcirculation in two acute experimental sepsis models.

Talin, vinculin and nestin expression in orofacial muscles of dystrophin deficient mdx mice.

The activity of cytoskeletal proteins like talin, vinculin and nestin increases in muscle that regenerates. Little is known about their role or at least their expression in the process of regeneration in masticatory muscles of mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To determine a potential role of cytoskeletal proteins in the regeneration process of mdx masticatory muscles, we examined the expression of talin 1, talin 2, vinculin and nestin in 100-day-old control and mdx mice using quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analyses and histochemistry.

Intravenous free and dipeptide-bound glutamine maintains intestinal microcirculation in experimental endotoxemia.

Objective: The administration of glutamine (Gln), which is depleted in critical illness, is associated with an improvement of gut metabolism, structure, and function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of intravenous Gln and its galenic formulation, l-alanyl-l-glutamine dipeptide (AlaGln), on the intestinal microcirculation during experimental endotoxemia using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Gln or AlaGln administration was performed as pretreatment or post-treatment, respectively.

Myogenic differentiation factor 1 and myogenin expression not elevated in regenerated masticatory muscles of dystrophic (mdx) mice.

Background: Orofacial muscles in mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), undergo muscle necrosis followed by muscle regeneration. The activity of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) in muscles that regenerate may reveal specific changes. Little is known about the role of MRF, particularly their expression after muscle necrosis in the orofacial muscles of mdx mice and in DMD.

Experimental and histological investigations of the bone using two different oscillating osteotomy techniques compared with conventional rotary osteotomy.

Over the past decade, coinciding with the appearance of a number of new ultrasonic surgical devices, there has been a marked increase in interest in the use of ultrasound in oral surgery and implantology as alternative osteotomy method. The aim of this study was the comparison of the effect of osteotomies performed using ultrasonic surgery (Piezosurgery(®)), sonic surgery SONICflex(®) and the conventional bur method on the heat generation within the bone underneath the osteotomy and light-microscopy observations of the bone at different cutting positions in porcine mandibular segments. It was found that the average heat generated by SONICflex(®) sonic device was close to that by conventional rotary bur (1.

Bone substitution materials on the basis of BONITmatrix® up-regulate mRNA expression of IGF1 and Col1a1.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BONITmatrix(®) and OSSA NOVA on the expression of growth factors and osteogenic differentiation. For this purpose, the mRNA expression of VEGF, IGF1, IGF2, collagen-1, collagen-2 and MMP8 was analysed in surgically created defects on the crania of adult male rats. Cranial samples were collected after implantation of BONITmatrix(®) or OSSA NOVA scaffolds for 4 weeks and determinations of gene expression were performed by quantitative RT-PCR.

Changes in condylar cartilage after anterior mandibular displacement in juvenile pigs.

Unlabelled: Adaptive remodelling of the mandibular condyle in response to mandibular advancement is the mechanism exploited by orthodontic forward displacement devices.

Objective: This work investigated the expression of collagens, matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor during this process.

Design: Twenty juvenile pigs were randomly divided into two experimental groups, where the treatment group was fitted with mandibular advancement splints, and the control group was not.

Caveolin-1, caveolin-3 and VEGF expression in the masticatory muscles of mdx mice.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and murine X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx), its murine model, are characterized by muscle damage and muscle weakness associated with inflammation and new vessel formation. Caveolins, dystrophin-associated proteins, are involved in the pathogenesis of DMD, because increased numbers of caveolae are found in DMD and mdx hindlimb muscles. Caveolae influence angiogenesis due to their content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors.

The expression of myogenic regulatory factors and muscle growth factors in the masticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice.

The activities of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) and muscle growth factors increase in muscle that is undergoing regeneration, and may correspond to some specific changes. Little is known about the role of MRFs in masticatory muscles in mdx mice (the model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy) and particularly about their mRNA expression during the process of muscle regeneration. Using Taqman RT-PCR, we examined the mRNA expression of the MRFs myogenin and MyoD1 (myogenic differentiation 1), and of the muscle growth factors myostatin, IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor) and MGF (mechano-growth factor) in the masseter, temporal and tongue masticatory muscles of mdx mice (n = 6 to 10 per group).

Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in the masticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice.

The dystrophin-deficient mouse (mdx) is a homologue animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and is characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness accompanied by changes in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition. It is likely that the masticatory muscles undergo similar changes. The aim of this study was to examine the masticatory muscles (masseter, temporal, tongue, and soleus) of 100-day-old mdx and control mice (n = 8-10), and the fibre type distribution (by immunohistochemistry) as well as the expression of the corresponding MyHC messenger RNA (mRNA) (protein and mRNA expression, using Western blot or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)).