Underdetermined Dyson-Schwinger Equations.

This Letter examines the effectiveness of the Dyson-Schwinger (DS) equations as a calculational tool in quantum field theory. The DS equations are an infinite sequence of coupled equations that are satisfied exactly by the connected Green's functions G_{n} of the field theory. These equations link lower to higher Green's functions and, if they are truncated, the resulting finite system of equations is underdetermined.

PT quantum mechanics.

PT-symmetric quantum mechanics (PTQM) has become a hot area of research and investigation. Since its beginnings in 1998, there have been over 1000 published papers and more than 15 international conferences entirely devoted to this research topic. Originally, PTQM was studied at a highly mathematical level and the techniques of complex variables, asymptotics, differential equations and perturbation theory were used to understand the subtleties associated with the analytic continuation of eigenvalue problems.

Generation of families of spectra in PT-symmetric quantum mechanics and scalar bosonic field theory.

This paper explains the systematics of the generation of families of spectra for the -symmetric quantum-mechanical Hamiltonians H=p(2)+x(2)(ix)(ε), H=p(2)+(x(2))(δ) and H=p(2)-(x(2))(μ). In addition, it contrasts the results obtained with those found for a bosonic scalar field theory, in particular in one dimension, highlighting the similarities to and differences from the quantum-mechanical case. It is shown that the number of families of spectra can be deduced from the number of non-contiguous pairs of Stokes wedges that display PT symmetry.

Families of particles with different masses in PT-symmetric quantum field theory.

An elementary field-theoretic mechanism is proposed that allows one Lagrangian to describe a family of particles having different masses but otherwise similar physical properties. The mechanism relies on the observation that the Dyson-Schwinger equations derived from a Lagrangian can have many different but equally valid solutions. Nonunique solutions to the Dyson-Schwinger equations arise when the functional integral for the Green's functions of the quantum field theory converges in different pairs of Stokes' wedges in complex-field space, and the solutions are physically viable if the pairs of Stokes' wedges are PT symmetric.