Magnitude and dynamics of the T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection at both individual and population levels.

Introduction: T cells are involved in the early identification and clearance of viral infections and also support the development of antibodies by B cells. This central role for T cells makes them a desirable target for assessing the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods: Here, we combined two high-throughput immune profiling methods to create a quantitative picture of the T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2.

Political organization and gender predict violence in the Andean archaeological record.

The relationship between sociopolitical organization and violence remains an enduring question in anthropological research. Less studied is the articulation of gender with violence in societies of different sociopolitical organization. We investigate the frequency and type of violence experienced by adult males and females in pre-Hispanic Andean archaeological contexts, comparing exposure to antemortem (nonlethal) and perimortem (potentially lethal) violence across three categories of sociopolitical organization: autonomous communities, regional cultural formations, and states.

DASCore: a Python Library for Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing.

In the past decade, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has enabled many new monitoring applications in diverse fields including hydrocarbon exploration and extraction; induced, local, regional, and global seismology; infrastructure and urban monitoring; and several others. However, to date, the open-source software ecosystem for handling DAS data is relatively immature. Here we introduce DASCore, a Python library for analyzing, visualizing, and managing DAS data.

Symptom Persistence Relates to Volume and Asymmetry of the Limbic System after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

: Persistent symptoms have been reported in up to 50% of the 27 million people with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) every year. MRI findings are currently limited by low diagnostic and prognostic sensitivities, constraining the value of imaging in the stratification of patients following mTBI. Limbic system structures are promising brain regions in offering prognostic factors for symptom persistence following mTBI.

Contributions of species to Pinot Noir microbial terroir in Oregon's Willamette Valley wine region.

Unlabelled: The apiculate yeast genus has appeared frequently in enological research for more than 100 years, mostly focused upon the species due to its notable capacity to cause spoilage. Recently, there has been increased research into the potential benefits of other species, such as in producing more complex wines. Furthermore, large-scale DNA sequencing-based (metabarcoding) vineyard ecology studies have suggested that species may not be evenly distributed.

Reviewing explore/exploit decision-making as a transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety.

In many everyday decisions, individuals choose between trialling something novel or something they know well. Deciding when to try a new option or stick with an option that is already known to you, known as the "explore/exploit" dilemma, is an important feature of cognition that characterises a range of decision-making contexts encountered by humans. Recent evidence has suggested preferences in explore/exploit biases are associated with psychopathology, although this has typically been examined within individual disorders.

Unstructured satellite survey detects up to 20% of archaeological sites in coastal valleys of southern Peru.

Satellite survey is widely used for archaeological site discovery, but the efficacy of the method has received little systematic investigation. In this analysis, twelve study participants of different experience levels performed an unstructured remote survey of 197 km2 in the Sama and Moquegua valleys of south central Peru where previous pedestrian surveys recorded 546 archaeological sites. Results indicate an average site discovery rate of 9.

Diffusion in the corpus callosum predicts persistence of clinical symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury, a multi-scanner study.

Background: Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) comprise 80% of all TBI, but conventional MRI techniques are often insensitive to the subtle changes and injuries produced in a concussion. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one of the most sensitive MRI techniques for mTBI studies with outcome and symptom associations described. The corpus callosum (CC) is one of the most studied fiber tracts in TBI and mTBI, but the comprehensive post-mTBI symptom relationship has not fully been explored.

Keys to Bonding Esthetic, Durable Zirconia Restorations: Two Case Reports.

Polycrystalline metal oxide-based ceramics, typically referred to as zirconium dioxide (or zirconia), have advanced greatly in the past two decades, becoming a popular cosmetic restorative material. Although contrary to common belief, adhesive bonding to zirconia is not only possible but quite effective using the right materials with proper technique. This article discusses keys to bonding to zirconia, presenting two case reports in which adhesion and cementation are demonstrated.

The Impact of Tele-Education on Family Medicine Clerkship Students' Learning Outcomes.

Background And Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated rapid changes to medical education for student and patient protection. A dearth of published US studies examine resulting clinical education outcomes due to pandemic-induced curricula changes. We describe adaptations made to a family medicine clerkship to move it from traditional in-person delivery to virtual only, and then from virtual to hybrid; and compare educational outcomes of students across delivery types.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 among university students and employees in Massachusetts, USA: A qualitative study.

Objective: To explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 in university affiliates to inform future COVID-19 policies and practices.

Participants: Undergraduate students, graduate students and university employees at a large public university.

Methods: Semi-structured focus groups and interviews were conducted between December 2020 and January 2021.

At-Home Versus Onsite COVID-19 School-based Testing: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial.

Objectives: Equitable access to coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) screening is important to reduce transmission and maintain in-person learning for middle school communities, particularly in disadvantaged schools. Rapid antigen testing, and at-home testing in particular, could offer substantial advantages over onsite testing from a school district's perspective, but it is unknown if engagement in at-home testing can be initiated and sustained. We hypothesized that an at-home COVID-19 school testing program would be noninferior to an onsite school COVID-19 testing program with regard to school participation rates and adherence to a weekly screening testing schedule.

Impact of pharmacist-provided Medicare annual wellness visits and chronic care management on reimbursement and quality measures in a privately owned family medicine clinic.

Purpose: Improvement in patient outcomes from collaboration between pharmacists and physicians in ambulatory clinics has been well documented. Barriers to payment have made widespread growth of these collaborations slow. Medicare annual wellness visits (AWVs) and chronic care management (CCM) provide an opportunity for pharmacist-physician collaborations that are directly revenue generating.

Development of an At-Home COVID-19 Test Results-Reporting System for a School District Primarily Serving Underrepresented Minority Groups, San Diego, CA, 2021-2022.

School-sponsored at-home COVID-19 testing benefits users, school administrators, and surveillance efforts, although reporting results remains challenging. Users require simple systems with tailored posttest guidance, and administrators need timely positive test information. We built a system to serve these needs and to collect data for our Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics-Underserved Populations Return to School Program study in San Diego County, California, from October 2021 through January 2022.

Optimizing the implementation of a participant-collected, mail-based SARS-CoV-2 serological survey in university-affiliated populations: lessons learned and practical guidance.

The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 is largely driven by pre-symptomatic or mildly symptomatic individuals transmitting the virus. Serological tests to identify antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are important tools to characterize subclinical infection exposure.During the summer of 2020, a mail-based serological survey with self-collected dried blood spot (DBS) samples was implemented among university affiliates and their household members in Massachusetts, USA.

Understanding changes made to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.

COVID-19 mitigation measures have disrupted the provision of essential health services. The goal of this study was to understand changes in reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health (RMNCH) services during the pandemic in Pakistan. We conducted a qualitative study in November and December 2020 consisting of telephone in-depth interviews with women, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders.

Dissection of multiple sclerosis genetics identifies B and CD4+ T cells as driver cell subsets.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune condition of the central nervous system with a well-characterized genetic background. Prior analyses of MS genetics have identified broad enrichments across peripheral immune cells, yet the driver immune subsets are unclear.

Results: We utilize chromatin accessibility data across hematopoietic cells to identify cell type-specific enrichments of MS genetic signals.

Clinical Validation of a Novel T-Cell Receptor Sequencing Assay for Identification of Recent or Prior Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.

Background: While diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine development in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has proceeded at unprecedented speed, critical gaps in our understanding of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain unaddressed by current diagnostic strategies.

Methods: A statistical classifier for identifying prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was trained using >4000 SARS-CoV-2-associated T-cell receptor (TCR) β sequences identified by comparing 784 cases and 2447 controls from 5 independent cohorts. The T-Detect COVID (Adaptive Biotechnologies) assay applies this classifier to TCR repertoires sequenced from blood samples to yield a binary assessment of past infection.

Longitudinal analysis of T cell receptor repertoires reveals shared patterns of antigen-specific response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

T cells play a prominent role in orchestrating the immune response to viral diseases, but their role in the clinical presentation and subsequent immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains poorly understood. As part of a population-based survey of the municipality of Vo', Italy, conducted after the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, we sampled the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of the population 2 months after the initial PCR survey and followed up positive cases 9 and 15 months later. At 2 months, we found that 97.

T cell receptor sequencing identifies prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlates with neutralizing antibodies and disease severity.

BACKGROUNDMeasuring the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 enables assessment of past infection and protective immunity. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces humoral and T cell responses, but these responses vary with disease severity and individual characteristics.METHODSA T cell receptor (TCR) immunosequencing assay was conducted using small-volume blood samples from 302 individuals recovered from COVID-19.

Cytotoxicity, crosslinking and biological activity of three mitomycins.

While interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) have been considered as one type of DNA damage in the past, there is mounting evidence suggesting that these highly cytotoxic lesions are processed differently by the cellular machinery depending upon the ICL structure. In this study, we examined the crosslinking ability of three mitomycins, the structure of the ICLs they produce and the cytotoxicity of the drugs toward three different cell lines. The drugs are: mitomycin C (1), decarbamoylmitomycin C (2), and a mitomycin-conjugate (3) whose mitosane moiety is linked to a N-methylpyrrole carboxamide.