A systematic review of herbicide safener toxicity.

Herbicide safeners are agrochemicals added to herbicide formulations to protect crops from herbicide damage without reducing the effectiveness of the herbicide against weeds. While safeners are typically structurally similar to their co-formulated herbicides, they are classified as "inert" in the United States, meaning they are not held to the same regulatory standards as the herbicides. This review systematically examines the toxicity of safeners, which is important given their large-scale global use and potential for exposure to wildlife, livestock, and humans.

A systematic review of human biomonitoring studies of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a urinary biomarker pyrethroid insecticide exposure, 1997 to 2019.

Pyrethroid insecticides are used, for example, in agriculture, indoor environments, and mosquito control programs, resulting in human exposure. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is a nonspecific biomarker for exposure to many pyrethroids. This systematic review identified human biomonitoring studies with 3-PBA that characterize environmental pyrethroid exposures in children and adolescents, pregnant women, and adults or occupational pyrethroid exposures relative to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) populations in the United States (US).

The dichloroacetamide safener benoxacor is enantioselectively metabolized by monkey liver microsomes and cytosol.

The metabolism and toxicity of current-use herbicide safeners remain understudied. We investigated the enantioselective metabolism of the safener benoxacor in Rhesus monkey subcellular fractions. Benoxacor was incubated with liver microsomes and cytosol from female and male monkeys (≤30 min).

Maternal and fetal tissue distribution of α-cypermethrin and permethrin in pregnant CD-1 mice.

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used throughout agriculture and household products. Recent studies suggest that prenatal exposure to these insecticides may adversely affect fetal development; however, little is known about the distribution of these chemicals in pregnant animals. The present study aimed to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the distribution of two commonly used pyrethroid insecticides, permethrin and α-cypermethrin, in maternal and fetal tissues of pregnant CD-1 mice.

The Effects of Benoxacor on the Liver and Gut Microbiome of C57BL/6 Mice.

The toxicity of many "inert" ingredients of pesticide formulations, such as safeners, is poorly characterized, despite evidence that humans may be exposed to these chemicals. Analysis of ToxCast data for dichloroacetamide safeners with the ToxPi tool identified benoxacor as the safener with the highest potential for toxicity, especially liver toxicity. Benoxacor was subsequently administered to mice via oral gavage for 3 days at concentrations of 0, 0.

Bisphenol F Exposure in Adolescent Heterogeneous Stock Rats Affects Growth and Adiposity.

Bisphenol F (BPF) is increasingly substituting bisphenol A in manufacturing polycarbonates and consumer products. The cardiometabolic effects of BPF in either humans or model organisms are not clear, and no studies to date have investigated the role of genetic background on susceptibility to BPF-induced cardiometabolic traits. The primary goal of this project was to determine if BPF exposure influences growth and adiposity in male N:NIH heterogeneous stock (HS) rats, a genetically heterogeneous population.

Unique behavioural modifications in the web structure of the cave orb spider Meta menardi (Araneae, Tetragnathidae).

In the last decade there has been a renewed interest in the study of behavioural adaptations to environmental constraints with a focus on adaptations to challenging habitats due to their reduced ecological complexity. However, behavioural studies on organisms adapted to nutrient poor subterranean habitats are few and far between. Here, we compared both morphological traits, in terms of relative leg lengths, and behavioural traits, captured in the geometry of the spider web, between the cave-dwelling spider, Meta menardi, and two aboveground species from the same family (Tetragnathidae); Metellina mengei and Tetragnatha montana.

Environmental exposure to pyrethroid pesticides in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults and children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012.

Pyrethroids are an important class of insecticides, and thousands of tons of these compounds are used in the United States every year. This study characterized exposures to pyrethroids and assessed demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that modulate pyrethroid exposure using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012, a nationally representative survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States. Urinary levels of commonly used biomarkers of pyrethroid exposure, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (F-PBA), and cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA), were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Benoxacor is enantioselectively metabolized by rat liver subcellular fractions.

This study investigated the enantioselective metabolism of benoxacor, an ingredient of herbicide formulations, in microsomes or cytosol prepared from female or male rat livers. Benoxacor was incubated for ≤30 min with microsomes or cytosol, and its enantioselective depletion was measured using gas chromatographic methods. Benoxacor was depleted in incubations with active microsomes in the presence and absence of NADPH, suggesting its metabolism by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and microsomal carboxylesterases (CESs).

Association Between Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the General US Adult Population.

Importance: Widespread exposure to pyrethroid insecticides has been reported among the general population in the United States and worldwide. However, little is known about the association of pyrethroid exposure with long-term health outcomes in adults.

Objective: To examine the association of pyrethroid exposure with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults in the United States.

Island in the Air: Powered Aircraft and the Early Formation of British Airspace.

In this article, I explore the formation of airspace in Britain from 1910 to 1913. The technology of flight challenged the "flat discourse" of nationalized geography, drawing up instead a volumetric space in the sky as airplanes flew from the Continent to England. The drive to control aerial mobility and convert the sky into a sovereign territory was especially pronounced in Britain.

Design and test of an automated version of the modified Jebsen test of hand function using Microsoft Kinect.

Background: The present paper describes the design and evaluation of an automated version of the Modified Jebsen Test of Hand Function (MJT) based on the Microsoft Kinect sensor.

Methods: The MJT was administered twice to 11 chronic stroke subjects with varying degrees of hand function deficits. The test times of the MJT were evaluated manually by a therapist using a stopwatch, and automatically using the Microsoft Kinect sensor.

Increased risk of active tuberculosis after cancer diagnosis.

Background: Cancer may increase risk of active tuberculosis but evidence is sparse. We therefore examined tuberculosis risk in patients with incident cancer using Danish nationwide medical databases.

Methods: We conducted a matched follow-up study comparing risk of active tuberculosis in cancer-exposed individuals to that in a general population comparison cohort, matched on gender, age, and country of origin, in different follow-up intervals using Cox regression.

Design and test of a Microsoft Kinect-based system for delivering adaptive visual feedback to stroke patients during training of upper limb movement.

The present paper describes the design and test of a low-cost Microsoft Kinect-based system for delivering adaptive visual feedback to stroke patients during the execution of an upper limb exercise. Eleven sub-acute stroke patients with varying degrees of upper limb function were recruited. Each subject participated in a control session (repeated twice) and a feedback session (repeated twice).

Design and Test of a Closed-Loop FES System for Supporting Function of the Hemiparetic Hand Based on Automatic Detection using the Microsoft Kinect sensor.

This paper describes the design of a FES system automatically controlled in a closed loop using a Microsoft Kinect sensor, for assisting both cylindrical grasping and hand opening. The feasibility of the system was evaluated in real-time in stroke patients with hand function deficits. A hand function exercise was designed in which the subjects performed an arm and hand exercise in sitting position.

Design and Test of a Closed-Loop FES System for Supporting Function of the Hemiparetic Hand Based on Automatic Detection using the Microsoft Kinect sensor.

This paper describes the design of a FES system automatically controlled in a closed loop using a Microsoft Kinect sensor, for assisting both cylindrical grasping and hand opening. The feasibility of the system was evaluated in real-time in stroke patients with hand function deficits. A hand function exercise was designed in which the subjects performed an arm and hand exercise in sitting position.

Topography-Guided Transepithelial Surface Ablation in the Treatment of Moderate to High Astigmatism.

Purpose: To analyze the outcomes of treatment of astigmatism of 2.00 diopters (D) or greater with topography-guided transepithelial surface ablation.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of a series of 206 eyes divided into two groups: myopic astigmatism (153 eyes) and mixed astigmatism (53 eyes).

Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia after lung cancer surgery and impact of pneumonia on survival.

Objective: Little is known about risk factors and prognosis for postoperative pneumonia (POP) in patients undergoing therapeutic lung cancer (LC) surgery.

Methods: We followed a nationwide population-based cohort of 7479 patients with LC surgery in Denmark 1995-2011. We used logistic regression analysis to examine risk factors for POP within 30 days after surgery.

Tuberculosis and risk of cancer: a Danish nationwide cohort study.

Objectives: To investigate the short- and long-term risk of cancer in patients with active tuberculosis (TB).

Design: Using Danish nationwide databases, we quantified cancer risk in TB patients during 1978-2011 compared with the general population.

Results: We observed 1747 cancers in 15 024 TB patients (median follow-up 8.

Effect of early and late rehabilitation onset in a chronic rat model of ischemic stroke- assessment of motor cortex signaling and gait functionality over time.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ischemic stroke and onset of subsequent rehabilitation of gait function in rats. Nine male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with a 16-channel intracortical (IC) electrode array. An ischemic stroke was induced within the hindlimb area of the left motor cortex.

[Mini clinical evaluation exercise as evaluation tool of communicative and cooperative skills in the outpatient clinic].

Introduction: In the revised Danish medical specialist training increased focus has been placed on competences which are hard to evaluate such as communication skills. Mini-CEX seems promising as an evaluation tool. Our aim was to test: 1) whether mini-CEX was useable in the evaluation of communicative and cooperative skills and 2) whether mini-CEX would provide reproducible data.

A test to evaluate the physical impact on technical performance in soccer.

The aim of the study was to develop and examine a test for evaluation of the physical and technical capacity of soccer players. Fourteen youth elite (YE) and seven sub-elite (SE) players performed a physical and technical test (PT-test) consisting of 10 long kicks interspersed with intense intermittent exercise. In addition, a control test (CON-test) without intense exercise was performed.

Educational/support group for Latino families of children with Down syndrome.

Experiences and observations based on an ongoing parent education-support group for Mexican-origin Latino parents of children with Down syndrome were described. Culturally mediated concepts were discussed in terms of their relevance to specific aspects of group functioning, including group structure, membership, and leadership. Problems of particular concern to this population that might adversely affect maintenance and growth of the group were also examined.