Leishmaniases in Ethiopia: a scoping review protocol to determine the scope of research and remaining gaps.

Introduction: The leishmaniases are among the group of neglected tropical diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality each year. Currently, the East Africa region has the highest visceral leishmaniasis burden in the world. Ethiopia is one of the East African countries that reports both visceral and cutaneous forms of the disease.

Zambia: A Narrative Review of Success and Challenges in Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination.

The establishment of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) to stop the transmission of infection has significantly reduced the incidence of lymphatic filariasis, a debilitating mosquito-borne neglected tropical disease. The primary strategies that have been employed include mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelminthics and morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP). While some countries have been able to reach elimination status in Africa, there is still active transmission of LF in Zambia.

Changes in neural readout of response magnitude during auditory streaming do not correlate with behavioral choice in the auditory cortex.

A fundamental goal of the auditory system is to group stimuli from the auditory environment into a perceptual unit (i.e., "stream") or segregate the stimuli into multiple different streams.

Lymphatic filariasis in Zambia: A scoping review protocol.

Background: Zambia is among the countries making major progress in limiting cases of the neglected tropical disease lymphatic filariasis on the path to reaching global elimination targets. For this trend to continue, it is essential for strategies and policies targeting the disease in Zambia to be based on the most recent and relevant literature. The scope of research on lymphatic filariasis in the Zambian context is currently poorly understood.

The mitigated carbon emissions of transitioning to virtual medical school and residency interviews: A survey-based study.

Purpose: Prior to COVID, thousands of medical school and residency applicants traversed their countries for in-person interviews each year. However, data on the greenhouse gas emissions from in-person interviews is limited. This study estimated greenhouse gas emissions associated with in-person medical school and residency interviews and explored applicant interview structure preferences.

The leishmaniases in Kenya: A scoping review.

Background: The leishmaniases are a group of four vector-borne neglected tropical diseases caused by 20 species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through a bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Endemic in over 100 countries, the four types of leishmaniasis-visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (known as kala-azar), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)-put 1.6 billion people at risk.

Interview Without Harm: Reimagining Medical Training's Financially and Environmentally Costly Interview Practices.

The looming threat of climate change urgently calls for reimagining unsustainable systems and practices, including academia's culture of emissions-intensive travel. Given that medical educators are uniquely invested in the future of the trainees they represent, this reimagination can and should begin with medical education. Making significant reforms to the application process has historically been challenging, but the COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed an abrupt shift from in-person to virtual interviews for medical school, residency, and fellowship.

The Connection between Climate Change, Surgical Care and Neglected Tropical Diseases.

The surgical burden of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is set to rise alongside average temperatures and drought. NTDs with surgical indications, including trachoma and lymphatic filariasis, predominantly affect people in low- and middle-income countries where the gravest effects of climate change are likely to be felt. Vectors sensitive to temperature and rainfall will likely expand their reach to previously nonendemic regions, while drought may exacerbate NTD burden in already resource-strained settings.

A Narrative Review of Kenya's Surgical Capacity Using the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery's Indicator Framework.

Surgery, anesthesia, and obstetric (SAO) care is quickly being recognized for its critical role in cost-effectively improving global morbidity and mortality. Six core indicators for SAO capacity were established in 2015 by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) and include: SAO provider density, population proximity to surgery-ready facilities, annual national operative volume, a system to track perioperative mortality rate, and protection from impoverishing and catastrophic expenditures. The surgical capacity of Kenya, a lower-middle-income country, has not been evaluated using this framework.

Vulnerabilities to and the Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Impacts of the Leishmaniases: A Review.

The leishmaniases are a group of four vector-borne neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with 1.6 billion people in some 100 countries at risk. They occur in certain eco-epidemiological foci that reflect manipulation by human activities, such as migration, urbanization and deforestation, of which poverty, conflict and climate change are key drivers.

Photoinduced Generation of a Durable Thermal Proton Reduction Catalyst with in Situ Conversion of Mn(bpy)(CO)Br to Mn(bpy)Br.

The conversion of protons to H is a critical reaction for the design of renewable fuel generating systems. Robust, earth-abundant, metal-based catalysts that can rapidly facilitate this reduction reaction are highly desirable. Mn(bpy)(CO)Br generates an active catalyst for the proton reduction reaction upon photolysis at a high, directly observed H production rate of 1 300 000 turnovers per hour, with a low driving force for this reaction.

Intermolecular Diels-Alder Cycloaddition/Cross-Coupling Sequences of 2-Bromo-1,3-butadienes.

2-Bromo-1,3-butadienes are demonstrated to be effective substrates for tandem Diels-Alder/transition metal cross-coupling reaction sequences. Intermolecular cycloaddition of a 2-bromo-1,3-diene with activated dienophiles proceeded under Lewis acid catalysis in generally high yields with good to excellent diastereoselectivity. The resulting vinyl bromide cycloadducts underwent subsequent Stille and Suzuki cross-couplings under standard conditions in good yields.

Reducing Implant Infection in Orthopaedics (RIIiO): Results of a pilot study comparing the influence of forced air and resistive fabric warming technologies on postoperative infections following orthopaedic implant surgery.

Background: Active warming during surgery prevents perioperative hypothermia but the effectiveness and postoperative infection rates may differ between warming technologies.

Aim: To establish the recruitment and data management strategies needed for a full trial comparing postoperative infection rates associated with forced air warming (FAW) versus resistive fabric warming (RFW) in patients aged >65 years undergoing hemiarthroplasty following fractured neck of femur.

Methods: Participants were randomized 1:1 in permuted blocks to FAW or RFW.

A biomimetic approach towards phorone sesterterpenoids.

We report an investigation towards a unified total synthesis of the Korean sponge derived sesterterpenoids, phorones A (1) and B (2), via a biomimetic strategy. This work has established a new synthetic strategy to the parent ansellane sesterterpenoid skeleton with unanticipated diversion to a biogenetically related pathway.

Synthesis of lamellarin alkaloids using orthoester-masked α-keto acids.

Pyruvic acid and other α-keto acids are frequently encountered as intermediates in metabolic pathways, yet their application in total synthesis has met with limited success. In this work, we present a bioinspired strategy that utilizes highly functionalized OBO (oxabicyclo[2.2.

Durable Solar-Powered Systems with Ni-Catalysts for Conversion of CO or CO to CH.

Photocatalytic conversion of CO to reduced carbon states using sunlight and an earth-abundant catalyst could provide a critically needed source of renewable energy. Very few earth-abundant catalysts have shown CO to CH reactivity, and significant opportunities exist to improve catalyst durability. Through the strategic design of a novel, redox-active bipyridyl- N-heterocyclic carbene macrocyclic ligand complexed with nickel, CO is converted into the energy-rich solar fuel, CH, photocatalytically with a photosensitizer in the presence of water.

A new family of sesterterpenoids isolated around the Pacific Rim.

Covering: 2009 up to the end of 2017 There has been a recent eruption in the number of known marine sesterterpenoids which have been isolated from Pacific Rim marine organisms. These compounds have novel and unusual structures that exhibit incredibly potent and varied bioactivities. This review details the isolation, biological testing and prospects for this exciting new family with discussion of their potential biogenetic origins.

Ruthenium(ii) complexes of pyridinol and N-heterocyclic carbene derived pincers as robust catalysts for selective carbon dioxide reduction.

A new pincer ligand with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and 4-pyridinol-derived rings supports ruthenium complexes for photocatalytic CO reduction. The methoxy group on the pyridine ring offers unique catalysis advantages not seen with the unsubstituted analog. Our best catalyst offers selective CO formation, ∼250 turnover cycles, and a 40 h lifetime.

Unexpected Direct Synthesis of N-Vinyl Amides through Vinyl Azide-Enolate [3+2] Cycloaddition.

The unexpected synthesis of industrially important N-vinyl amides directly from aldehydes and α,β-unsaturated N-vinyl amides from esters is reported. This reaction probably proceeds through an initial [3+2] azide-enolate cycloaddition involving a vinyl azide generated in situ. A survey of the reaction scope and preliminary mechanistic findings supported by quantum computational analysis are reported, with implications for the future development of atom-efficient amide synthesis.

Recent refinements to cranial implants for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

The advent of cranial implants revolutionized primate neurophysiological research because they allow researchers to stably record neural activity from monkeys during active behavior. Cranial implants have improved over the years since their introduction, but chronic implants still increase the risk for medical complications including bacterial contamination and resultant infection, chronic inflammation, bone and tissue loss and complications related to the use of dental acrylic. These complications can lead to implant failure and early termination of study protocols.

Detection and molecular characterization of noroviruses and sapoviruses in children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam.

Noroviruses (NoV) and sapoviruses (SaV) are recognized as important causes of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. In this study, the prevalence and genetic variability of NoV and SaV were determined in hospitalized children <5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Hanoi, Vietnam. A total of 501 fecal specimens collected between November-2007 and October-2008, that previously had been tested for rotavirus (RV), were tested for NoV and SaV by realtime RT-PCR.