Extending homeostasis to thought dynamics for a comprehensive explanation of mind-wandering.

Our thoughts are inherently dynamic, often wandering far from the current situation. Mind-wandering (MW), which is these thought transitions, is crucial for understanding the nature of human thought. Although previous research has identified various factors influencing MW, a comprehensive framework integrating these findings remains absent.

The body mirroring thought: The relationship between thought transitions and fluctuations in autonomic nervous activity mediated by interoception.

Our thought states change without intention. This study verified that the transition of thought states varies with fluctuations in autonomic nervous activity, and that this effect is modulated by interoceptive accuracy. The participants completed the heartbeat counting task (HCT) and vigilance task.

Acid-sensing receptor GPR4 plays a crucial role in lymphatic cancer metastasis.

Cancer tissues exhibit an acidic microenvironment owing to the accumulation of protons and lactic acid produced by cancer and inflammatory cells. To examine the role of an acidic microenvironment in lymphatic cancer metastasis, gene expression profiling was conducted using human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) treated with a low pH medium. Microarray and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that acid treatment induced the expression of inflammation-related genes in HDLECs, including genes encoding chemokines and adhesion molecules.

A survey and biomechanical analysis of the feasibility of the thumb test for determining the cancellous bone quality for stemless shoulder prosthesis.

Background: The effect of the thumb test for assessing the cancellous bone quality at the resection plane of the proximal humerus on determining the application of a stemless shoulder prosthesis remains unclear. This study was conducted to survey the current utilization of the thumb test among surgeons and to investigate biomechanical features of the thumb test.

Method: A survey among shoulder surgeons who had experience with stemless prostheses was conducted to investigate the current utilization of preoperative assessments and intraoperative thumb test when applying stemless prosthesis.

Effect of subconscious changes in bodily response on thought shifting in people with accurate interoception.

Our thought states shift from one state to another from moment to moment. The relationship between the thought shifting and bodily responses is yet to be directly examined. This exploratory study examined the influence of cardiovascular reactivity and interoception-sensing an internal bodily state-on the shifting of thought states.

Functional connectivity changes between frontopolar cortex and nucleus accumbens following cognitive behavioral therapy in major depression: A randomized clinical trial.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy that challenges distorted cognitions; however, the neural mechanisms that underpin CBT remain unclear. Hence, we aimed to assess the treatment-related resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes in the brain regions associated with future thinking and the associations between rsFC changes and clinical improvements. Thirty-eight adult patients with MDD were randomly assigned with equal likelihood to receive 16-week individual CBT or talking control with a 12-month follow-up period.

Coexistence of thought types as an attentional state during a sustained attention task.

Some studies have asked participants about attentional state on a scale from on-task to off-task, which set the middle option as attention focused on both, including the possibility of the coexistence of thoughts. In addition, studies using multidimensional probes explicitly assumed coexistence within spontaneous thoughts and task-focus dimensions. Although several studies have assumed the coexistence of some thought dimensions, none has explored whether these are different types of thoughts (task-focus, mind-wandering, task-related, external stimuli-related).

Simultaneous Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty and Open Reduction With Internal Fixation for Bilateral Proximal Humerus Fractures in the Elderly: A Report of Two Cases.

Simultaneous bilateral proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) caused by a single trauma are considered rare. We herein report two patients with bilateral PHFs treated based on our treatment strategy: reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) to obtain rigid stability for one shoulder and open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) to regain the mobility of external and internal rotation for the other. By using Neer's four-segment fracture classification, patients underwent RSA for one shoulder with the more advanced fracture type and ORIF for the other.

The quantification of muscle activities during arm elevation following reverse shoulder arthroplasty or superior capsular reconstruction for irreparable rotator cuff tears using positron emission tomography.

Background: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) and superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) are recognized as surgical options for an irreparable rotator cuff tear. However, the postoperative changes of the muscle activity patterns remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantified muscle activities on shoulder elevation in patients treated with RSA or SCR using fluorine-18-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography.

[Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Resting-State fMRI and Its Clinical Applications].

The conventional analysis assumes a constant mental state during scanning and assesses the strength of functional connectivity as the average of the entire fMRI data. However, it is suggested that even at rest, functional connectivity may change with time, and the conventional analysis has not been able to fully evaluate its properties. To overcome this limitation, many studies propose an index called dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) or time-varying functional connectivity (TVFC) or the chronnectome.

β-Lactolin Enhances Neural Activity, Indicated by Event-Related P300 Amplitude, in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown that dairy product consumption is beneficial for cognitive function in elderly individuals. β-lactolin is a Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr lacto-tetrapeptide rich in fermented dairy products that improves memory retrieval, attention, and executive function in older adults with subjective cognitive decline and prevents the pathology of Alzheimer's disease in rodents. There has been no study on the effects of β-lactolin on neural activity in humans.

Does glenoid remodeling occur with an erosion-type bone loss after arthroscopic Bankart repair?

Introduction: Fragment-type glenoid bone loss is known to remodel after arthroscopic Bankart repair. To our knowledge, no studies have been reported about the morphologic changes of the erosion-type bone loss.

Aim: To determine the morphologic changes of erosion-type glenoid bone loss after arthroscopic Bankart repair.

Downsizing effect of a modular radial head prosthesis on the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow: A cadaveric study.

Background: It remains unclear how the head and stem diameters for the radial head prosthesis could affect mechanical properties of the lateral collateral ligament measured by strain changes during elbow and forearm motions.

Methods: Eight cadaveric specimens were secured to the device, which allows elbow flexion-extension and forearm pro-supination. Using six different implant combinations comprising 2 sizes for the head (long- and short-axis of the native head) and 3 sizes for the stem (press-fit, -1 mm, and -2 mm downsizing), prostheses were attached via the posterior approach.

Mechanism and patterns of bone loss in patients with anterior shoulder dislocation.

Background: Bony defects are common injuries associated with anterior shoulder dislocation. It is generally thought that these bony defects are created at the time of dislocation. However, there have been no biomechanical reports demonstrating the exact time point when these lesions occur.

Immobilization in External Rotation Reduces the Risk of Recurrence After Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Meta-analysis.

Background: The best method for nonsurgical treatment after primary dislocation of the shoulder is not clear. The efficacy of immobilization with the arm in external rotation (ER) compared with internal rotation (IR) remains controversial.

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of ER immobilization versus IR immobilization on recurrence rate after primary dislocation of the shoulder from the evidence of randomized controlled trials.

The Influence of Pitch Velocity on Medial Elbow Pain and Medial Epicondyle Abnormality Among Youth Baseball Players.

Background: Pitch velocity is associated with elbow injuries among skillful baseball players. However, the relationship between pitch velocity and throwing elbow injuries among youth players has not yet been clarified.

Purpose: To investigate the influence of pitch velocity on medial elbow pain and medial epicondyle abnormality among youth baseball players.

Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Anterior Dislocation of the Radial Head.

Isolated recurrent dislocation of the radial head (RH) is very rare, and there have been few reports describing the surgical treatment of this injury. We herein report the case of a 13-year-old girl who underwent ligament reconstruction surgery for isolated recurrent RH dislocation. Her symptoms included pain and apprehension at the elbow with the forearm in supination.

Peripheral-Track and Central-Track Hill-Sachs Lesions: A New Concept of Assessing an On-Track Lesion.

Background: It has been demonstrated biomechanically that 25% is a critical size defect of the glenoid. However, a recent clinical study reported that a bone loss between 13.5% and 20% (subcritical bone loss) led to impairment of quality of life but not a recurrence of instability.

Comparison of best-fit circle versus contralateral comparison methods to quantify glenoid bone defect.

Background: Several measurement techniques have been reported to quantify glenoid bone defect in patients with anterior shoulder instability. Among them, the method that uses a best-fit circle and another that uses the contralateral glenoid as a control are most commonly used. However, to our knowledge, no study has been reported that compared the reliability of these methods.