Correction to: Optimizing feature subset for schizophrenia detection using multichannel EEG signals and rough set theory.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10011-x.].

FlowerMate: Multidimensional reciprocity and inaccuracy indices for style-polymorphic plant populations.

Premise: Heterostyly in plants promotes pollen transfer between floral morphs, because female and male sex organs are located at roughly reciprocal heights within the flowers of each morph. Reciprocity indices, which assess the one-dimensional variation in the height of sex organs, are used to define the phenotypic structure of heterostyly in plant populations and to make inferences about selection. Other reciprocal stylar polymorphisms (e.

Pollinator-mediated isolation promotes coexistence of closely related food-deceptive orchids.

Identifying the factors that contribute to reproductive isolation among closely-related species is key for understanding the diversification of lineages. In this study, we investigate the strength of premating and postmating reproductive isolation barriers between Disa ferruginea and Disa gladioliflora, a pair of closely-related species, often found co-flowering in sympatry. Both species are non-rewarding and rely on mimicry of different rewarding model flowers for attraction of pollinators.

High speed single pixel imaging using a microLED-on-CMOS light projector.

Achieving high frame-rate operation in single pixel imaging schemes normally demands significant compromises in the flexibility of the imaging system, requiring either complex optical setups or a hardware-limited pattern mask set. Here, we demonstrate a single pixel imaging capability with pattern frame-rates approaching 400 kfps with a recently developed microLED light projector and an otherwise simple optical setup. The microLED array has individually addressable pixels and can operate significantly faster than digital micromirror devices, allowing flexibility with regards to the pattern masks employed for imaging even at the fastest frame-rates.

SARS-CoV-2 variants mediated tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming determines the disease pathophysiology in a hamster model.

Despite significant effort, a clear understanding of host tissue-specific responses and their implications for immunopathogenicity against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant infection has remained poorly defined. To shed light on the interaction between tissues and SARS-CoV-2 variants, we sought to characterize the complex relationship among acute multisystem manifestations, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, and the resulting implications for SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific immunopathogenesis in the Golden Syrian Hamster (GSH) model using multi-omics approaches. Our investigation revealed the presence of increased SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA in diverse tissues of delta-infected GSH compared to the omicron variant.

Scent-mediated bee pollination and myrmecochory in an enigmatic geophyte with pyrogenic flowering and subterranean development of fleshy fruits.

Premise: Volatile emissions from flowers and fruits play a key role in signalling to animals responsible for pollination and seed dispersal. Here, we investigated the pollination biology and chemical ecology of reproduction in Apodolirion buchananii, an African amaryllid that flowers in a leafless state soon after grassland vegetation is burnt in the dry late-winter season.

Methods: Pollinators were identified through field collection and pollen loads were quantified.

Flowers meet Newton: testing the role of gravitational pull in resupination of orchid flowers.

Resupination refers to the developmental orientation changes of flowers through ≈180º, leaving them effectively upside-down. It is a widespread trait present in 14 angiosperm families, including the Orchidaceae, where it is a gravitropic phenomenon actively controlled by auxins. Here, we demonstrate that the passive gravitational pull on flower parts can have an additional influence on resupination.

Pollen transfer efficiency in depends on type of pollinator.

Pollen transfer efficiency (PTE; the proportion of pollen removed from flowers that reaches conspecific stigmas) is expected to vary with the type of pollinator and flower morphology, and to influence male siring success. Many species in the genus are pollinated by bees (which consume pollen and should thus lower PTE) but during its radiation in the Cape, several independent shifts to both sunbird and long-proboscid fly (LP fly) pollinators, which do not consume pollen have taken place. Improvements in PTE could be one of the factors driving these pollinator shifts.

Settling moth pollination of a rare orchid in the Habenaria clade revealed with close-focusing camera traps.

It is challenging to make nocturnal observations of the natural behaviour of flower-visiting moths as they are highly sensitive to visible artificial light sources. One solution, implemented here, is to use specially-adapted close-focusing camera traps that rely on infrared wavelengths for detection and illumination of small insect subjects. We investigated the pollination system of Bonatea saundersiodes, a rare African terrestrial orchid that is phylogenetically nested in the large Habenaria clade.

Optimizing feature subset for schizophrenia detection using multichannel EEG signals and rough set theory.

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a mental disorder that causes lifelong disorders based on delusions, cognitive deficits, and hallucinations. By visual assessment, SZ diagnosis is time-consuming and complicated, because brain states are more effectively revealed by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which are effectively used in SZ diagnosis. The application of existing deep learning methods in SZ detection is effective in the classification of 2-dimensional images, and these methods require more computational resources.

Noise Tolerant Photonic Bowtie Grating Environmental Sensor.

Resonant photonic refractive index sensors have made major advances based on their high sensitivity and contact-less readout capability, which is advantageous in many areas of science and technology. A major issue for the technological implementation of such sensors is their response to external influences, such as vibrations and temperature variations; the more sensitive a sensor, the more susceptible it also becomes to external influences. Here, we introduce a novel bowtie-shaped sensor that is highly responsive to refractive index variations while compensating for temperature changes and mechanical (linear and angular) vibrations.

Ciprofloxacin enhances therapeutic levels of voriconazole through CYP450 inhibition in the common raven (Corvus corax), possibly improving efficacy against aspergillosis: a pilot study.

Objective: To determine if a cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzyme inhibitor can maintain therapeutic plasma levels of voriconazole when administered orally.

Animals: 11 healthy, common ravens (Corvus corax).

Methods: Birds were randomly assigned to pilot study groups to receive voriconazole orally alone or combined with a CYP inhibitor.

Triad influence on the detection of crime in Hong Kong.

We use bootstrap data envelopment analysis, adjusting for endogeneity, to examine police efficiency in detecting crime in Hong Kong. We address the following: (i) is there a correlation between the detection of crime and triad influence? (ii) does the level of triad influence affect the efficiency in translating inputs (police strength) into outputs (crime detection)? and (iii) how can the allocation of policing resources be adjusted to improve crime detection? We find that nighty-eight percent of Hong Kong police districts in our sample were found to be inefficient in the detection of crime. Variation was found across districts regarding the detection of violent, property and other crimes.

Evaluation of an online SBIRT training program.

While human ecosystem disruptions have happened in the past, the COVID-19 pandemic is the first situation to warrant such a large, world-wide transition to online education. The pandemic has increased the need for intervention with people in varying stages of substance use disorders. In response to the need for more evidence-based, online educational and training options to address this need, this study used pre-posttest evaluations to determine the efficacy of an online training for a specific evidence-based intervention, Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Services (SBIRT).

Mass spectrometric methods for evaluation of voriconazole avian pharmacokinetics and the inhibition of its cytochrome P450-induced metabolism.

Invasive fungal aspergillosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many species including avian species such as common ravens (). Methods were developed for mass spectral determination of voriconazole in raven plasma as a means of determining pharmacokinetics of this antifungal agent. Without further development, GC/MS/MS (gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry) proved to be inferior to LC/MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry) for measurement of voriconazole levels in treated raven plasma owing to numerous heat-induced breakdown products despite protection of voriconazole functional groups with trimethylsilyl moieties.

Dual role for microbial short-chain fatty acids in modifying SIV disease trajectory following anti-α4β7 antibody administration.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection is associated with significant gut damage, similar to that observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This pathology includes loss of epithelial integrity, microbial translocation, dysbiosis, and resultant chronic immune activation. Additionally, the levels of all--retinoic acid (atRA) are dramatically attenuated.

Convergent evolutionary patterns of heterostyly across angiosperms support the pollination-precision hypothesis.

Since the insights by Charles Darwin, heterostyly, a floral polymorphism with morphs bearing stigmas and anthers at reciprocal heights, has become a model system for the study of natural selection. Based on his archetypal heterostylous flower, including regular symmetry, few stamens and a tube, Darwin hypothesised that heterostyly evolved to promote outcrossing through efficient pollen transfer between morphs involving different areas of a pollinator's body, thus proposing his seminal pollination-precision hypothesis. Here we update the number of heterostylous and other style-length polymorphic taxa to 247 genera belonging to 34 families, notably expanding known cases by 20%.

Nectar cardenolides and floral volatiles mediate a specialized wasp pollination system.

Specialization in plant pollination systems can arise from traits that function as filters of flower visitors. This may involve chemical traits such as floral volatiles that selectively attract favoured visitors and non-volatile nectar constituents that selectively deter disfavoured visitors through taste or longer-term toxic effects or both. We explored the functions of floral chemical traits in the African milkweed Gomphocarpus physocarpus, which is pollinated almost exclusively by vespid wasps, despite having nectar that is highly accessible to other insects such as honeybees.

Incomplete resupination during floral development leads to pollination failure in a slipper orchid.

In many families, plants undergo floral resupination by twisting through approximately 180° during floral development so that the flower is effectively positioned upside down. In most orchids, resupination results in the median petal (i.e.

The economy of pollen dispersal in flowering plants.

Mating success of flowering plants depends strongly on the efficiencies of pollen removal from flowers and its subsequent dispersal to conspecific stigmas. We characterized the economy of pollen dispersal in flowering plants by analysing pollen fates and their correlates for 228 species. The mean percentage of pollen removed from flowers (removal efficiency) varied almost twofold according to the type of pollen-dispersal unit, from less than 45% for orchids and milkweeds with solid pollinia, to greater than 80% for species with granular monads or sectile (segmented) pollinia.

Flower orientation and corolla length as reproductive barriers in the pollinator-driven divergence of Erica shannonea and Erica ampullacea.

A variety of reproductive barriers can enable reproductive isolation and stable coexistence of plant species. Differing floral traits might play an important role in reproductive isolation imposed by pollinators. Such shifts in pollinator use have been hypothesized to contribute to the radiation of Erica (Ericaceae) in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.

Effect of fuchsin fixation of pollen on DNA barcode recovery.

Pollen grains attached to insects are a valuable source of ecological information which can be used to reconstruct visitation networks. Morphological pollen identification relies on light microscopy with pollen usually stained and mounted in fuchsin jelly, which is also used to remove pollen from the bodies of insects. Pollen embedded in fuchsin jelly could potentially be used for DNA barcoding and metabarcoding (large-scale taxonomic identification of complex mixed samples) and thus provide additional information for pollination networks.

The enantiostylous floral polymorphism of Barberetta aurea (Haemodoraceae) facilitates wing pollination by syrphid flies.

Background And Aims: Sexual polymorphisms of flowers have traditionally been interpreted as devices that promote cross-pollination, but they may also represent adaptations for exploiting particular pollination niches in local environments. The cross-pollination function of enantiostyly, characterized by flowers having either left- or right-deflected styles, has been uncertain in some lineages, such as the Haemodoraceae, because the positioning of stamens and styles is not always completely reciprocal among morphs.

Methods: We examined the floral biology of populations of the poorly known species Barberetta aurea (Haemodoraceae) across its native range in South Africa to establish the general features of its enanatiostylous reproductive system and the agents and mechanism of pollen transfer.

Steven D. Johnson.

Interview with Steve Johnson, who works on plant-pollinator interactions at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.