Ontogeny of human hepatic and intestinal transporter gene expression during childhood: age matters.

Many drugs prescribed to children are drug transporter substrates. Drug transporters are membrane-bound proteins that mediate the cellular uptake or efflux of drugs and are important to drug absorption and elimination. Very limited data are available on the effect of age on transporter expression.

Divalent metal ion-based catalytic mechanism of the Nudix hydrolase Orf153 (YmfB) from Escherichia coli.

YmfB from Escherichia coli is the Nudix hydrolase involved in the metabolism of thiamine pyrophosphate, an important compound in primary metabolism and a cofactor of many enzymes. In addition, it hydrolyzes (d)NTPs to (d)NMPs and inorganic orthophosphates in a stepwise manner. The structures of YmfB alone and in complex with three sulfates and two manganese ions determined by X-ray crystallography, when compared with the structures of other Nudix hydrolases such as MutT, Ap4Aase and DR1025, provide insight into the unique hydrolysis mechanism of YmfB.

Autotrophic denitrification of nitrate and nitrite using thiosulfate as an electron donor.

This study was carried out to determine the possibility of autotrophic denitritation using thiosulfate as an electron donor, compare the kinetics of autotrophic denitrification and denitritation, and to study the effects of pH and sulfur/nitrogen (S/N) ratio on the denitrification rate of nitrite. Both nitrate and nitrite were removed by autotrophic denitrification using thiosulfate as an electron donor at concentrations up to 800 mg-N/L. Denitrification required a S/N ratio of 5.

Effect of milrinone on the inflammatory response and NF-kB activation in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.

Background: Milrinone increases intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration and enhances vascular relaxation. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) plays a key role in inflammatory responses during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We aimed to investigate the effect of milrinone on the inflammatory responses and NF-kB activation in renal I/R injury in mice.

Real-time Assay of Toxic Lead in In Vivo Living Plant Tissue.

A method of detecting lead was developed using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with DNA-carbon nanotube paste electrode (CNTPE). The results indicated a sensitive oxidation peak current of lead on the DNA-CNTPE. The curves were obtained within a concentration range of 50 ngL(-1)-20 mgL(-1) with preconcentration time of 100, 200, and 400 sec at the concentration of mgL(-1), μgL(-1), and ngL(-1), respectively.

Do early onset and pack-years of smoking increase risk of type II diabetes?

Background: Type II diabetes is not only major public health problem but also heavy fiscal burden to each nation's health care system around the world. This study aimed to investigate the effect of early onset and pack-years of smoking on type II diabetes risk.

Methods: We used the most recent cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey set of South Korea (2010) and the United States (2009-2010).

PLP undergoes conformational changes during the course of an enzymatic reaction.

Numerous enzymes, such as the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes, require cofactors for their activities. Using X-ray crystallography, structural snapshots of the L-serine dehydratase catalytic reaction of a bacterial PLP-dependent enzyme were determined. In the structures, the dihedral angle between the pyridine ring and the Schiff-base linkage of PLP varied from 18° to 52°.

Regulation of acetylation of histone deacetylase 2 by p300/CBP-associated factor/histone deacetylase 5 in the development of cardiac hypertrophy.

Rationale: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are closely involved in cardiac reprogramming. Although the functional roles of class I and class IIa HDACs are well established, the significance of interclass crosstalk in the development of cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear.

Objective: Recently, we suggested that casein kinase 2α1-dependent phosphorylation of HDAC2 leads to enzymatic activation, which in turn induces cardiac hypertrophy.

Shell-crosslinked hyaluronic acid nanogels for live monitoring of hyaluronidase activity in vivo.

A hyaluronidase (HAdase) has been noticed as a potential drug target as well as prognostic marker because of its close associations with tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Accordingly, precise monitoring of HAdase activity in vivo seems to be crucial not only for the evaluation of HAdase activity but also for non-invasive molecular imaging. In our study, we propose a new organic, near-infrared fluorescence imaging probe, indocyanine green (ICG)-based stimuli-responsive fluorescence probe for selective imaging of HAdases with appreciable signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios in serum and in vivo.

Regulation of diastereoselectivity in the carbocyclization of allenyl (S)-N-tert-butylsulfinimines through a three-component assembly.

Allenyl sulfinimines can be stereoselectively cyclized with hexamethylditin under palladium catalysis conditions followed by a selection of additives for an activated transmetalation. Reactivity and diastereoselectivity for the cyclization strongly depend on the characteristics of additives. A highly diastereoselective synthesis of five-membered rings is achieved from the reaction of the corresponding allenyl (S)-N-tert-butylsulfinimies through the following sequence.

[Determination of 239 pesticide residues in soil by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

A method for the determination of 239 pesticides in soil samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is presented. The sample was prepared with AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) QuEChERS method for the extraction (acetonitrile, anhydrous MgSO4, CH3 COONa). After filtered with a 0.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on sevoflurane requirements and emergence agitation in children undergoing ambulatory surgery.

Purpose: Dexmedetomidine, a potent selective α2-adrenergic agonist, produces sedation and analgesia. This study was conducted to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine infusion on sevoflurane requirements, recovery profiles, and emergence agitation in children undergoing ambulatory surgery.

Materials And Methods: Forty children undergoing ambulatory hernioplasty or orchiopexy were randomized into two groups.

Effects of incrementally increasing tidal volume on the cross-sectional area of the right internal jugular vein.

Background: Different tidal volume (TV) settings during mechanical ventilation alter intrathoracic blood volume, and these changes could alter central venous pressure and the cross sectional area (CSA) of the right internal jugular vein (RIJV). The aim of this study was to determine the optimal TV for maximizing the CSA of the RIJV in the supine and Trendelenburg positions in anesthetized patients.

Methods: Forty patients were randomly allocated to a supine group (Group S, n = 20) or a Trendelenburg group (Group T, n = 20) by computer generated randomization.

Effects of sivelestat treatment on acute lung injury in paraquat-intoxicated rats.

Lung injury is the main cause of death in acute paraquat (PQ) intoxication. Sivelestat (SV), a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, is effective in reducing inflammation in acute lung injury. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of SV on acute lung injury in PQ-intoxicated rats.

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the novel SARM GTx-024 [(S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-cyanophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide] in rats.

1. GTx-024, a novel selective androgen receptor modulator, is currently being investigated as an oral treatment for muscle wasting disorders associated with cancer and other chronic conditions. 2.

New microarchitectures of (Er,Yb):Lu2O3 nanocrystals embedded in PMMA: synthesis, structural characterization, and luminescent properties.

We report the formation of two-dimensional disordered arrays of poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) microcolumns with embedded single size distribution of Lu0.990Er0.520Yb0.

Serum alkaline phosphatase and phosphate in cerebral atherosclerosis and functional outcomes after cerebral infarction.

Background And Purpose: Higher serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phosphate levels are associated with atherosclerotic disease and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the association of ALP/phosphate with cerebral atherosclerosis and prognosis in patients with acute stroke is not well known.

Methods: In 1034 patients with first-ever acute cerebral infarction, levels of ALP and phosphate were compared with (1) cerebral atherosclerosis and (2) poor long-term functional outcomes as defined by the modified Rankin Scale>2 at 3 months after stroke onset.

Intracranial hemodynamic stabilization patterns after stenting of severe stenosis in the proximal internal carotid artery.

Purpose: To evaluate intracranial hemodynamic stabilization patterns after carotid artery stenting (CAS) in patients having variable collateral developments before CAS.

Methods: The hemodynamic and angiographic data of 62 patients (58 men; mean age 68.0±8.

Determination of proline-hydroxyproline dipeptide in rat urine by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection.

A method for determination of proline-hydroxyproline dipeptide (PHP) was developed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). This method resulted in good separation of proline (Pro), hydroxyproline (Hyp), and PHP within 20min using a mobile phase of 1.2mM Ba(OH)2+1.

Early outcomes and complications of posterior vertebral column resection.

Background Context: Hyperkyphosis confers a significant risk for neurologic deterioration as well as compromised cardiopulmonary function. Posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) is a challenging but effective technique for spinal cord decompression and deformity correction that even under the setting of limited resources can be performed to reduce the technical difficulties, the operating time, and possibly the complications of the traditional two-staged vertebral column resection (VCR).

Purpose: To report on the results of VCR performed through a single posterior approach (PVCR) in the treatment of severe rigid kyphosis in a series of patients treated and followed at a Scoliosis Research Society Global Outreach Program site in West Africa.

Solid-phase colorimetric sensor based on gold nanoparticle-loaded polymer brushes: lead detection as a case study.

We introduce a novel solid-phase colorimetric sensor facilely fabricated by loading unmodified gold nanoparticles into poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate) (POEGMA) brushes grown on glass. Our work reports the first synergistic combination of metallic nanoparticles acting as a colorimetric sensing module with a nonfouling polymer matrix acting both as a nonrigid scaffold and a screen to reduce interference from nontarget molecules. In addition, as the nanocomposite is formed on a transparent substrate, solid-phase detection can be performed in the same manner as in the solution-phase.

Detection of trace cobalt ions in in vivo plant cells using a voltammetric interlocking system.

This experiment was conducted to establish a system for detecting trace cobalt ions in water and plant tissues using a voltammetric in vivo sensor. Cyclic and stripping voltammetry was devised from hand-made, macro-type implantable three-electrode systems. The results reached micro and nano working ranges at 100 sec accumulation time.

A simultaneous analysis method for Caihu-Dayuan-Yin using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection.

A simultaneous analysis method was developed for Caihu-Dayuan-Yin decoction containing Bupleuri Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, and Ponciri fructus by reversed-phase (RP) HPLC coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The analytes were separated in a RP column with 0.01 % phosphoric acid-acetonitrile gradient elution.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine and hydroxylamine by graphene oxide-Pd nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrode.

Pd nanoparticle catalysts supported by thiolated graphene oxide (tGO) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and denoted as tGO-Pd/GCE, are used in this study for the electrochemical determination of hydroxylamine and hydrazine. The physicochemical properties of tGO-Pd were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). They showed strong catalytic activity toward the oxidation of hydroxylamine and hydrazine.