Implications of the Co-Dominance Model for Hardy-Weinberg Testing in Genetic Association Studies.

Introduction: The standard way of using tests for compatibility of genetic markers with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) assumptionvas a means of quality control in genetic association studies (GAS) is to vcarry out this step of preliminary data analysis with the sample of non-diseased vindividuals only. We show that this strategy has no rational basis whenever the genotype--phenotype relation for avmarker under consideration satisfies the assumption of co-dominance.

Methods/results: The justification of this statement is the fact rigorously shown here that under co-dominance, the genotype distribution of a diallelic marker is in HWE among the controls if and only if the same holds true for the cases.

Adjuvant vs. progression-triggered treatment with gemcitabine in platinum-ineligible high-risk bladder cancer patients: Long-term follow-up of a randomized phase 3 trial.

Background: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy (ChT) is the preferred perioperative treatment in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCUB). Nevertheless, a certain number of patients are ineligible for platinum-based ChT. This trial compared immediate adjuvant vs.

Normal Fetal Growth Profile at 10-41 Weeks of Gestation - An Update Based on 10225 Normal Singleton Pregnancies and Measurement of the Fetal Parameters Using 3D Ultrasound.

Objective:  To construct new growth charts and tables for the following fetal growth parameters: biparietal diameter (BPD), occipitofrontal diameter (OFD), head circumference (HC), abdominal transverse diameter (ATD), abdominal sagittal diameter (ASD), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (Fe), tibia length (Ti), fibula length (Fi), humerus length (Hu), radius length (Ra), and ulna length (Ul).

Patients And Methods:  This prospective study was conducted at a level III ultrasound center as a population-based cross-sectional study on 10 225 normal singleton pregnancies with a gestational age between 10 and 41 completed weeks. Gestational age was confirmed in all cases by an ultrasound examination with crown-rump measurement before 10 weeks of gestation.