Selective Uptake of Macromolecules to the Brain in Microfluidics and Animal Models Using the HAVN1 Peptide as a Blood-Brain Barrier Modulator.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties, high binding specificity and affinity, and minimal off-target effects, making them promising therapeutic agents for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, their development as effective therapeutic and diagnostic agents for brain disorders is hindered by their limited ability to efficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, it is crucial to develop efficient delivery methods that enhance the penetration of antibodies into the brain.

Problems With Medium-Sized Joints: Ankle Conditions.

The ankle is the cause of many musculoskeletal injuries. Knowledge of ankle anatomy and physiology can provide an initial framework to help clinicians formulate a differential diagnosis. A thorough history should be obtained, with a focus on mechanism of injury and symptom duration to hone the differential diagnosis and physical examination.

Problems With Medium-Sized Joints: Elbow Conditions.

For patients with elbow pain, a comprehensive history and physical examination can identify the mechanism of injury and specific tests can help determine the underlying pathology. When imaging is indicated, x-ray typically is the initial modality. Indications for ultrasonography include the need for static, dynamic, and stress visualization of elbow cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and osseous structures.

Problems With Medium-Sized Joints: Wrist Conditions.

Common wrist conditions include fractures and other injuries, osteoarthritis, radial epiphysitis, joint instability, de Quervain tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, ganglion cyst, and ulnar neuropathy. The initial history and physical examination, with particular focus on the anatomic structures of the wrist, can narrow the differential diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging study can be used to identify soft tissue masses and occult osseous processes, particularly with scaphoid fractures.