Transverse facial artery: Its role in blindness after cosmetic filler and botulinum toxin injections.

Masseter injections for cosmetic or pathological reasons are increasingly common, as are filler injections using dual or multiplane techniques in the lateral facial regions or for jawline contouring. The occurrence of blindness following these procedures often remains unexplained. This study aimed to determine the anatomical explanation for this debilitating complication by investigating the transverse facial artery and its relation to the masseter.

TNM Classification: Are Cancers With Extrinsic Tongue Muscle Involvement Systematically T4a?

Purpose: In the Union for International Cancer Control classification, extrinsic muscle involvement in oropharyngeal cancers is systematically defined as a T4a tumor, although the term extrinsic may incorrectly imply that these muscles are outside the tongue. Our aim was to describe the topography of extrinsic tongue muscles and show that their involvement in oropharyngeal cancers does not always correspond to T4a staging.

Methods: This cadaveric study was based on dissections of the tongues of ten healthy subjects.

Vascular and Nerve Relations of the Marginal Mandibular Nerve of the Face: Anatomy and Clinical Relevance.

Background: The marginal mandibular nerve of the facial nerve is frequently injured during corrective and cosmetic surgery. Recent or emerging techniques such as the injection of filler materials, botulinum toxin, allotransplantation of composite tissues of the face, placement of chin implants, and submental cryolipolysis require in-depth knowledge of this nerve. The studies to date are not in agreement regarding the number of branches of the marginal mandibular nerve and its relationship with the vasculature and other nerves.