Phytoconstituent Profiles Associated with Relevant Antioxidant Potential and Variable Nutritive Effects of the Olive, Sweet Almond, and Black Mulberry Gemmotherapy Extracts.

The extracts of whole plants or specific organs from different plant species are gaining increasing attention for their phytotherapy applications. Accordingly, we prepared standardized gemmotherapy extracts (GTEs) from young shoots/buds of olive (), sweet almond (), and black mulberry (), and analyzed the corresponding phytonutrient profiles. We identified 42, 103, and 109 phytonutrients in the olive, almond, and black mulberry GTEs, respectively, containing amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, iridoids, carboxylic acids, lignans, terpenoids, and others.

Down-regulation of cell surface CXCR4 by HIV-1.

Background: CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a member of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family, can serve as a co-receptor along with CD4 for entry into the cell of T-cell tropic X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains. Productive infection of T-lymphoblastoid cells by X4 HIV-1 markedly reduces cell-surface expression of CD4, but whether or not the co-receptor CXCR4 is down-regulated has not been conclusively determined.

Results: Infection of human T-lymphoblastoid cell line RH9 with HIV-1 resulted in down-regulation of cell surface CXCR4 expression.

Rapidly activated microglial cells in the preoptic area may play a role in the generation of hyperthermia following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat.

Postischemic hyperthermia occurs after the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament in rats. The cause of hyperthermia is presumed to be damage to the preoptic area, which is one of the temperature-regulatory centers of the hypothalamus. In the present study, reactions of microglial cells and astrocytes in the preoptic area were examined during the first 6 h following transient MCAO.

Filament size influences temperature changes and brain damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Postischemic spontaneous hyperthermia as a complication of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery with an intraluminal filament has been observed by some authors, but many other reports do not discuss this factor. The possible reasons why some of the authors have not seen severe hyperthermia in their experiments include differences in surgical technique, the strain of animals, the type of the anesthesia, and the occluder filament. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the core temperature of rats using different types of filaments.

Neuroprotective effects of PACAP38 in a rat model of transient focal ischemia under various experimental conditions.

In the study reported here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of PACAP38 in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) under various experimental conditions. Stroke patients often develop mild hyperthermia that increases the infarct size and worsens the outcome. We compared the neuroprotective effect of PACAP38 in normothermic and moderately hyperthermic animals.