Update on APPEAL, an International Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Ciprofloxacin Versus Placebo in Patients Undergoing Shockwave Lithotripsy for Urolithiasis.

The blinded APPEAL trial is assessing the effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis in preventing infections after shockwave lithotripsy for urinary stones. This large, pragmatic, international trial will provide trustworthy evidence to inform guidelines and influence global practices.

β-Lactamase and Macrolide Resistance Gene Carriage in Isolates Among Children Discharged From Inpatient Care in Western Kenya: A Cross-sectional Study.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to infectious disease control, particularly among recently hospitalized children. We sought to determine the prevalence and mitigating factors of resistance in enteric among children discharged from health facilities in western Kenya.

Methods: Between June 2016 and November 2019, children aged 1 to 59 months were enrolled at the point of discharge from the hospital.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella species among children discharged from hospital in Western Kenya.

Background: The emergence and spread of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. has been associated with a substantial healthcare burden resulting in therapeutic failures. We sought to describe the proportion of phenotypic resistance to commonly used antibiotics, characterize β-lactamase genes among isolates with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and assess the correlates of phenotypic AMR in Klebsiella spp.

Timing of Major Postoperative Bleeding Among Patients Undergoing Surgery.

Importance: Although major bleeding is among the most common and prognostically important perioperative complications, the relative timing of bleeding events is not well established. This information is critical for preventing bleeding complications and for informing the timing of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis.

Objective: To determine the timing of postoperative bleeding among patients undergoing surgery for up to 30 days after surgery.

Routine Fecal Occult Blood Screening and Colorectal Cancer Mortality in Sweden.

Importance: Population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs are implemented worldwide, but there are difficulties evaluating their effectiveness. The magnitude of routine CRC screening effectiveness regarding cancer-specific mortality is unclear.

Objective: To evaluate cancer-specific mortality associated with early vs late or no invitation for routine CRC screening using fecal occult blood testing.